Jasmine can be either deciduous (leaves falling in autumn) or evergreen (green all year round), and can be erect, spreading, or climbing shrubs and vines. Their leaves are borne in opposing or alternating arrangement and can be of simple, trifoliate, or pinnate formation.
Flowers and fruitedit
The flowers are typically around 2.5 cm (0.98 in) in diameter. They are white or yellow, although in rare instances they can be slightly reddish. The flowers are borne in cymose clusters with a minimum of three flowers, though they can also be solitary on the ends of branchlets. Each flower has about four to nine petals, two locules, and one to four ovules. They have two stamens with very short filaments. The bracts are linear or ovate. The calyx is bell-shaped. They are usually very fragrant.[7][additional citation(s) needed]
The fruits of jasmines are berries that turn black when ripe.
The name comes from Old French jessemin, from Persian: یاسمن, romanized: yāsamin[16] which is derived from the Middle Persian word yāsaman and yāsamīn (يَاسَمِين) in Arabic.[17][18] The word entered Middle French around 1570 and was first used in English in 16th century England.[18] The Persian name is also the origin of the genus name, Jasminum.[19]
Taxonomyedit
Species belonging to the genus are classified under the tribe Jasmineae of the olive family (Oleaceae).[7]Jasminum is divided into five sections—Alternifolia, Jasminum, Primulina, Trifoliolata, and Unifoliolata.[20]
Jasmine is cultivated commercially for domestic and industrial uses, such as the perfume industry.[24] It is used in rituals like marriages, religious ceremonies, and festivals.[25] Jasmine flower vendors sell garlands of jasmine, or in the case of the thicker motiyaa (in Hindi) or mograa (in Marathi) varieties, bunches of jasmine are common.[26] They may be found around entrances to temples, on major thoroughfares, and in major business areas.
Indonesia: Jasminum sambac is the national flower, adopted in 1990.[32] It goes by the name "melati putih" and is used in wedding ceremonies for ethnic Indonesians, especially on the island of Java.
Philippines: Jasminum sambac is the national flower. Adopted in 1935, it is known as "sampaguita" in the islands. It is usually strung in garlands which are then used to adorn religious images.[34]
Thailand: Jasmine flowers are used as a symbol of motherhood.[35]
Tunisia: The national flower of Tunisia is jasmine. It was chosen as a symbol for the Tunisian Revolution.
^"Jasminum L." World Flora Online. World Flora Consortium. 2023. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
^ abcdefSingh, A. K. (2006). Flower Crops: Cultivation and Management. New India Publishing. pp. 193–205. ISBN 978-81-89422-35-6.
^Townsend, C. C. and Evan Guest (1980). "Jasminum officinale," in Flora of Iraq, Vol. 4.1. Baghdad, pp. 513–519.
^Ernst Schmidt; Mervyn Lötter; Warren McCleland (2002). Trees and shrubs of Mpumalanga and Kruger National Park. Jacana Media. p. 530. ISBN 978-1-919777-30-6.
^Panda, H. (2005). Cultivation and Utilization of Aromatic Plants. National Institute Of Industrial Research. p. 220. ISBN 978-81-7833-027-3.[permanent dead link]
^USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Jasminum fluminense". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team.
^USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Jasminum dichotomum". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team.
^"Weeds of the Blue Mountains Bushland – Jasminum polyanthum". Archived from the original on 2014-02-04.
^Weekley, Ernest (1921). "Jasmine, Jessamine". An etymological dictionary of modern English. London J. Murray. p. 779.
^"Definition of Jasmine". Merriam-Webster. 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2022-01-20.
^ ab"Jasmine". Online Etymology Dictionary. 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
^Bayton, Ross (2019). The Gardener's Botanical: An Encyclopedia of Latin Plant Names. London, UK: Royal Horticultural Society. p. 170. ISBN 978-1-78472-677-5.
^USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. "Jasminum L." Germplasm Resources Information Network, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory. Archived from the original on January 26, 2012. Retrieved November 22, 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^GRIN. "Jasminum information from NPGS/GRIN". Taxonomy for Plants. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland: USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved October 19, 2012.
^Demole E; Lederer, E.; Mercier, D. (1962). "Isolement et détermination de la structure du jasmonate de méthyle, constituant odorant caractéristique de l'essence de jasmin". Helv Chim Acta. 45 (2): 675–85. doi:10.1002/hlca.19620450233.
^Sharma, M; Laxmi, A (2016). "Jasmonates: Emerging Players in Controlling Temperature Stress Tolerance". Frontiers in Plant Science. 6: 1129. doi:10.3389/fpls.2015.01129. PMC4701901. PMID 26779205.
^"What's So Great About the Jasmine Flower?". Earth.com. Retrieved 2022-04-27.
^August 8; Comments, 2018 | Micaela Nerguizian |. "Hopa! Rituals and Symbols of an Armenian Wedding". Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Retrieved 2022-04-27.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^"10 Different Types of Jasmine Plants (Photos) - Garden Lovers Club". www.gardenloversclub.com. 22 February 2020. Retrieved 2022-04-27.
^Michael, Ayari; Vincent Geisser (2011). "Tunisie : la Révolution des "Nouzouh"* n'a pas l'odeur du jasmin" (in French). Témoignage chrétien. Archived from the original on 2011-01-28. Retrieved 2011-03-14.
^"La révolution par le feu et par un clic" (in French). Le Quotidien d'Oran/moofid.com. 2011-02-25. Archived from the original on 2011-07-14. Retrieved 2011-03-14.
^Kim, Elvis H (September 2021). "Democratization and Authoritarianism in the Information Age". International Area Studies Review. 24 (3): 205–223. doi:10.1177/22338659211026006. ISSN 2233-8659. S2CID 237434616.
^Anabel Bachour (23 February 2017). "Damascus, the City of Jasmine". Peacock Plume, Student Media, The American University of Paris, France. Retrieved 26 May 2019.
^Hitt, Christine (1 May 2018). "7 of Hawaii's Most Popular Lei and What Makes Them Unique". Hawaii Magazine. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
^Keputusan Presiden No. 4 Tahun 1993 Archived 2012-04-02 at the Wayback Machine
^Akhtar, Moin (26 October 2020). "Pakistan National Flower, Animal and Bird". ILM.com.pk. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
^"Philippine National Flower- Sampaguita". National Museum of the Philippines. 10 November 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
^"Symbolic and spiritual meaning of jasmine flowers". Gardening Tips | Flower Wiki. 2017-01-03. Retrieved 2019-04-25.
Further readingedit
"Jasminum Linn". Flora of Pakistan: 12. Retrieved 2008-06-03.
Metcalf, Allan A. (1999). The World in So Many Words. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-95920-9.