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103 series

Summary

The 103 series (103系, 103-kei) is a DC electric multiple unit (EMU) commuter train type introduced in 1963[2] by Japanese National Railways (JNR), and currently operated by West Japan Railway Company (JR West) and Kyushu Railway Company (JR Kyushu). They were also operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East) and Central Japan Railway Company (JR Central).

103 series
JR West 103 series trains in various liveries at Suita Depot in October 2017
In service1963–present
ManufacturerHitachi, Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Kinki Sharyo, Kisha Seizo, Nippon Sharyo, Teikoku Sharyo, Tokyu Car Corporation, Toshiba
Replaced101 series, KiHa 35, KiHa 37, KiHa 40, KiHa 47, KiHa 58
Constructed1963–1984
Entered serviceDecember 1963
Refurbished1996–2005 (for selected trains)
Scrapped1986–
Number built3,447 vehicles
Number in service63 vehicles (as of 2019)[1]
Number preserved7 vehicles
Number scrapped3,311 vehicles
Successor201 series, 203 series, 205 series, 209 series, 223 series, 225 series, 227 series, E231 series, 305 series, 313 series, 323 series
Formation2/3/4/5/6/7/8/10 cars per trainset
Operators
Depots
Lines servedVarious
Specifications
Car body constructionSteel
Car length20,000 mm (65 ft 7 in)
Width2,800 mm (9 ft 2 in)
Height3,935 mm (12 ft 10.9 in)
Doors4 pairs per side
Maximum speed100 km/h (62 mph)
Traction systemResistor control
Power output440 kW (590 hp) per car with motors
Acceleration2.0 km/(h⋅s) (1.2 mph/s)
Deceleration5.0 km/(h⋅s) (3.1 mph/s)
Electric system(s)1,500 V DC overhead catenary
Current collector(s)Pantograph
BogiesDT33, TR201, TR212, TR64 or DT21T (103-3000 series and converted from 101 series )
Braking system(s)Dynamic brake, Electro-pneumatic brake, Hand brake
Safety system(s)ATS-B, ATS-P, ATS-SK, ATS-SW, ATC-3, ATC-4, ATC-6, ATC-9
Track gauge1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in)

Some former JR East sets were also sold for second hand use in Indonesia, where they operated on the KRL Jabodetabek system in Jakarta between 2004 and 2016.

Operations edit

JR East edit

 
Last remaining 103 series set on the Senseki Line, in January 2007

JR East has operated previously a large number of 103 series sets on the following lines.

A single four-car 103 series set had remained in use by JR East on the Senseki Line in the Sendai area between November 2006 up until 21 October 2009.[3]

JR Central edit

JR Central has formerly used 103 series sets on Chuo Main Line services in the Nagoya area, but these were subsequently replaced by 211 series and 313 series trains.

  •  
    A 103 series set on June 26, 1999

JR-West edit

 
A JR-West refurbished set in USJ promotional livery in December 2005

JR-West continues to operate a large number of 103 series sets, many of which have received extensive life-extension refurbishment.[4] JR-West currently operates 103 series sets on the following lines. They were also used on the Osaka Loop Line until October 2017. As of 2019, there are 63 cars still available in service.

Previous Operations (JR West):

JR Kyushu edit

JR Kyushu operated a fleet of nine 6-car 103 series sets on JR Chikuhi Line inter-running services onto the Fukuoka_City_Subway Kūkō_Line from 1982.[4][unreliable source?]

In 2015, six 6-car 305 series sets entered service and the 6-car 103 series sets were converted to 3-car sets and restricted to operating on Chikuhi Line services between Chikuzen-Maebaru and Nishi-Karatsu.[7]

As of 2018, there are six 3-car trainsets still remaining in service.

Overseas operations edit

Four former JR East 103 series 4-car units (Musashino Line sets KeYo 20, 21, 22, and 27) were shipped to Indonesia in 2004 to operate on the KRL Jabodetabek system in Jakarta.[8]

  • KuMoHa 103: 105, 153
  • MoHa 103: 654, 752
  • MoHa 102: 231, 321, 810, 2009
  • KuHa 103: 359, 384, 597, 632, 815, 822
  • SaHa 103: 210, 246

These cars retain their Japanese numbering.

As of November 2016, all 103 series have been withdrawn.

  •  
    Former JR East 103 series EMU passing Gambir, July 2007
  •  
    Former JR East set KeYo 21 in revised "JR Central" livery in Jakarta, December 2011
  •  
    KeYo E20 with latest livery

103-0 series edit

103-0 series
 
JR West 103 series Osaka Loop Line, KuHa 103-1, January 2007
In service1963–2023
ManufacturerHitachi, Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Kinki Sharyo, Kisha Seizo, Nippon Sharyo, Teikoku Sharyo, Tokyu Car Corporation
Replaced101 series, KiHa 35
Constructed1963–1981
Entered serviceDecember 1963
Refurbished1996–2005 (for selected trains)
Scrapped1986–
Number built3,198 vehicles
Number in serviceNone (as of 2023)[6][9]
Number preserved7 vehicles
Number scrapped3,153 vehicles (including Indonesia)
Operators
  • JNR (1963–1987)
  • JR East (1987–2009)
  • JR Central (1987–1999)
  • JR West (1987–2023)
  • KRL Jabodetabek (2004–2016)
DepotsHineno
Morinomiya
Nara
Aboshi
Hiroshima
Depok
Lines servedChūō Line (Rapid), Chūō-Sōbu Line, Chuo Main Line, Jōban Line, Narita Line, Keihin-Tōhoku Line, Keiyō Line, Musashino Line, Nambu Line, Ōme Line, Saikyo Line, Senseki Line, Tsurumi Line, Yamanote Line, Yokohama Line, Akō Line, Kabe Line, Kure Line, Osaka Loop Line, Sakurajima Line, Yamatoji Line, Wakayama Line, Osaka Higashi Line, Hanwa Line, Sanyō Main Line, Sakurai Line, Nara Line, Wadamisaki Line, Jakarta Kota-Bogor Line, Jatinegara-Bogor Line
Specifications
Car body constructionSteel
Car length20,000 mm (65 ft 7 in)
Width2,800 mm (9 ft 2 in)
Height3,935 mm (12 ft 10.9 in)
Doors4 pairs per side
Maximum speed100 km/h (62 mph)
Traction systemResistor control, Thyristor Chopper, DDM-VVVF, IGBT-VVVF (test run only)
Power output440 kW per car with motors
Acceleration2.0 km/(h⋅s) (1.2 mph/s)
Deceleration5.0 km/(h⋅s) (3.1 mph/s)
Electric system(s)1,500 V DC
Current collector(s)overhead catenary
BogiesDT33, TR201, TR212, TR64
Braking system(s)Dynamic brake, Electro-pneumatic brake, Hand brake
Safety system(s)ATS-B, ATS-P, ATS-SK, ATS-SW, ATC-3, ATC-4, ATC-6, ATC-9
Track gauge1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in)

The 103–0 series trains were built between 1963 and 1981. Built for JNR as an "upgraded" version of the 101 series, the 103 series has been widely used around Japan and has been manufactured in a multitude of different body styles and configurations.

Based on the earlier 101 series, the 103 series has been used on various commuter services since 1963. In fact, some 103 series cars were actually converted from 101 series cars. The 103 series was the main rolling stock used on urban commuter services for a time.

Some sets have been used for at least 50 years, and their age is starting to show; as such, their use on various lines is diminishing and they are being replaced by newer trains. For instance, the 103 series are being replaced by the newer 323 series on the Osaka Loop Line where they famously operate.

The sets have been manufactured in a multitude of different body styles, with additional body styles being created over the years. Older sets had body styles similar to the one used on the 101 series.

Prototype edit

This 8-car unit was built in 1963 without air-conditioning. The cars were withdrawn from service between 1988 and 1991.

  • Moha 103: 901-902
  • Moha 102: 901-902
  • Kuha 103: 901-904

Standard series edit

These were built between 1964 and 1970. While not originally fitted with air-conditioning, most of the cars were fitted with air conditioning from 1975. The bogies of the trailer cars were changed from TR201 to TR212 for the cars built from 1968. Cars fitted with TR212 bogies feature disc brakes, because they needed to run on higher speeds on the Jōban and Hanwa Lines.

  • KuMoHa 103: 1-155
  • MoHa 103: 1-278
  • MoHa 102: 1-433
  • KuHa 103: 1-177 & 501-638 (TR212 bogies fitted: 115-177 & 617–638)
  • SaHa 103: 1-305 (TR212 bogies fitted: 226–305)

Air-conditioned prototype edit

This single 10-car unit was built in 1970. It was equipped with various air conditioning units and tested on the Yamanote Line in Tokyo. It was subsequently modified to become a standard air-conditioned set in 1978. In 2000, four cars were scrapped at the Narashino Depot; the remaining six cars were scrapped at Keiyō Rolling Stock Center in 2005.

  • MoHa 103: 279-281
  • MoHa 102: 434-436
  • KuHa 103: 178-179
  • SaHa 103: 306-307

Sets without air-conditioning edit

Built during 1972 and 1973, these units were similar to the air-conditioned prototype but without air-conditioning. This type was used mainly in Osaka area. Most cars were fitted with air-conditioning from 1976.

  • MoHa 103: 282-330 & 364-374
  • MoHa 102: 437-486 & 520-530
  • KuHa 103: 180-212
  • SaHa 103: 308-323

Air-conditioned sets edit

Built in 1973, they were similar to the air-conditioned prototype. They were fitted with motorized destination blinds on both sides.

  • MoHa 103: 331-413 (excluding 364–374)
  • MoHa 102: 487-569 (excluding 520–530)
  • KuHa 103: 213-268
  • SaHa 103: 324-359

ATC equipped sets edit

Built between 1974 and 1980. The front end design was changed with the driver's cab raised so that an ATC signalling system could be included. Kuha 103 of this version was used in the Tokyo area only.

  • MoHa 103: 414-713
  • MoHa 102: 570-869
  • KuHa 103: 269-796 (excluding 500–700), 798, 809, 816
  • SaHa 103: 360-471

Raised driver's cab edit

Built between 1979 and 1984. The front end design was the same as the ATC-equipped sets, although this type was not fitted with ATC. Kuha 103-811 & 816 were converted to include ATC in 1984.

  • MoHa 103: 714-793
  • MoHa 102: 870-2050 (excluding 900–2000)
  • KuHa 103: 797, 799-850 (excluding 809, 816, 845, 847, 849)
  • SaHa 103: 472-503
  •  
    Driver's cab of KuHa 103-235 car (without ATC), November 2008
  •  
    JNR 103 & 205 series Yamanote Line meet at Uguisudani station, February 1986
  •  
    Akabane Line KuHa 103-273 car with air-conditioning coupled with non air-conditioned middle cars, 1979
  •  
    Biwako Line-JR Kyoto Line-JR Kobe Line KuHa 103-154 car without air-conditioning, 1983
  •  
    JR Kobe Line KuHa 103-184 car without air-conditioning, August 1983
  •  
    Yamanote Line air-conditioned prototype KuHa 103-178 car, October 1978
  •  
    Yamanote Line ATC equipped KuHa 103-347 car, March 1985
  •  
    JR East Yokohama Line air-conditioned 103–0 series, circa 1988
  •  
    JR-West Yamatoji Line raised driver's cab KuHa 103-831 car, circa 1993
  •  
    JR East Negishi Line air-conditioned 103–0 series, March 1998
  •  
    Two JR-West Fukuchiyama Line (left) and JR Kyoto Line air-conditioned 103–0 series, August 1999
  •  
    JR East MoHa 103-734 car in brown livery, August 1999
  •  
    Jōban Line air-conditioned 103–0 series, April 2005
  •  
    Musashino Line air-conditioned 103–0 series showing different driver's cab heights, August 2003
  •  
    Tsurumi Line air-conditioned 103–0 series, June 2004
  •  
    Osaka Loop Line air-conditioned KuHa 103-802 car, September 2017
  •  
    JR Central 103–0 series air-conditioned KuMoHa 103-18 car, April 2007
  •  
    JR-West Hanwa Line 103–0 series air-conditioned car, July 2017
  •  
    JR West 103 series on Nara Line local service, December 2017
  •  
    JR West 103 series train Wadamisaki Line local service,July 2017
  •  
    JR-West San'yō Main Line air-conditioned 103–0 series set H19, May 2009
  •  
    KuHa 103-525 test car owned by Toshiba, March 2010
  •  
    JR-West Sakurajima Line raised driver's cab KuHa 103-823 car, March 2012

Converted from 101 series edit

Some 101 series trailer cars were converted to the 103–0 series. The cars' bodies and bogies were 101 series originals as the conversions involved minimum modification. The last of these cars were withdrawn from service in 1999.

  • SaHa 103: 751-780 (from SaHa 101)
  • KuHa 103: 2001-2004 (from KuHa 100), 2051-2052 (from KuHa 101)

Experimental direct-drive mechanism (DDM-VVVF) edit

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An insulated gate bipolar transistor traction system and direct-drive motors both manufactured by Toshiba were experimentally tested on car MoHa 103-502 (car #4) on ten-car set KeYo304 based on the Keiyō Line from May 2002; the car was originally manufactured in December 1975 by Nippon Sharyo. The direct-drive motors and IGBT inverters appear to be of the same specification as used on the experimental E993 series set due to similar cadences.

The use of direct-drive motors in the car gave the set a unique sound, with both the roar of the old-fashioned resistor-controlled traction motors and the more modern, high-pitched cadence of the variable frequency drive in car MoHa 103–502; MoHa 103-502's use of direct-drive motors gave the car itself a unique sound, as once the set reached a certain speed, the traction motors made no discernible noise.

The set entered service with the direct-drive motored car on 15 May 2003, but was retired and scrapped in December 2003 after just 7 months of service with this experimental car. Car MoHa 103-502 remains the last 103 series car to have been fitted with a variable frequency drive. No JR train since (other than the E993 and E331 series sets) has used direct-drive motors in combination with IGBT inverters.[10][unreliable source?]

103-1000 series edit

103-1000 series
 
JR East 103-1000 series in emerald-green Jōban Line livery, April 2003
In service1970–1986 (Joban Line & Tokyo Metro Chiyoda Line local services)
1986–2004 (Joban Line Rapid Service)
Constructed1970–1971
Entered service1970
Scrapped2004
Number built160 vehicles (16 sets)
Number in serviceNone
Number scrapped98 vehicles (103-1000 series, the rest of 62 vehicles were converted to 105 series)
Formation51–66 (JNR)
OperatorsJNR (1970-1987)
JR East (1987-2004)
Lines servedJoban Line, Tokyo Metro Chiyoda Line, Tokyo Metro Tozai Line, Chuo-Sobu Line

160 103–1000 series cars (formed 16 10-car sets) were built in 1970 and 1971 for use on Jōban Line-Chiyoda Line inter-running services, which commenced in 1971. Originally painted in grey with a sea green stripe, they were subsequently displaced by new 203 series trains. Some sets were later converted to become 105 series sets, and the rest of the fleet was reallocated to Jōban Line services from Ueno.[11] In 1989, one Joban Line set was reallocated to the Chūō-Sōbu Line-Tōzai Line inter-running services. This set was repainted in grey with light-blue stripe, which was the same livery as the 103–1200 series. The last set was retired in March 2004.

  •  
    Original JNR livery, 1985
  •  
    Joban Line Rapid Service 103–1000 series Set MaTo 11, June 1989

103-1200 series edit

103-1200 series
 
Revised livery with light blue stripe, May 2003
In service1971–2003
Constructed1971–1978
Entered service1971
Scrapped2003-2004
Number built35 vehicles (5 sets, initially 7-car trainsets)
Number in serviceNone
Number scrapped35 vehicles
Formation7/10 car per trainset
OperatorsJNR (1971-1987)
JR East (1987-2003)
Lines servedTokyo Metro Tozai Line, Chuo-Sobu Line
Specifications
Multiple working301 series

Similar to the 103–1000 series, these were 7-car sets built by Nippon Sharyo and Tokyu Car Corporation for use on Chūō-Sōbu Line-Tōzai Line inter-running services alongside the aluminium-bodied 301 series. Five sets (35 cars) were built between 1970 and 1978. They were initially painted in grey with a yellow stripe, but this was changed to a light blue stripe from 1989 to avoid confusion with the similarly coloured 205 series trains introduced on Chūō-Sōbu Line services.[11] The last set was retired in July 2003.

  •  
    A JR East 301 series (left) and 103–1200 series (right) EMU formation at Funabashi Station, August 2002

103-1500 series edit

103-1500 series
 
Chikuhi Line 103-1500 series train running along the Nijino Matsubara pine trees, December 2019
In service1982–present
ReplacedKiHa 35, KiHa 58
Constructed1982–1984
Entered service1982
Scrapped2015–
Number built54 vehicles (9 sets, initially 6-car trainsets, and later become 3-car trainsets)
Number in service15 vehicles (5 sets)[1]
Number scrapped39 vehicles (13 sets)
Formation3/6 cars per trainset
OperatorsJNR (1982-1987)
JR Kyushu (1987-Present)
DepotsKaratsu
Lines servedChikuhi Line, Kūkō Line
Specifications
Car body constructionSteel
Car length20,000 mm (65 ft 7 in)
Width2,800 mm (9 ft 2 in)
Height3,935 mm (12 ft 10.9 in)
Doors4 pairs per side
Maximum speed100 km/h (62 mph)
Weight34.1 t (KuHa 103)
42.2 t (KuMoHa 102)
Traction systemResistor control
Power output440 kW per car with motors
Acceleration2.5 km/(h⋅s) (1.6 mph/s)
Deceleration5.0 km/(h⋅s) (3.1 mph/s)
Electric system(s)1,500 V DC
Current collector(s)overhead catenary
Track gauge1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in)

Nine 103–1500 series 6-car sets were built between 1982 and 1983 by Kawasaki Heavy Industries and Hitachi for use on inter-running services between the Chikuhi Line and the Fukuoka City Subway Kūkō Line in Kyushu. In 1989, four sets were reformed as eight 3-car sets (numbered E11 to E18) by rebuilding MoHa 103 and MoHa 102 cars as KuMoHa 103 and KuMoHa 102 cars respectively. They were initially painted in light blue with a white stripe, but were repainted into a grey and red livery from 1995. The 3-car sets were modified for driver-only operation between December 1999 and March 2001.[12] Toilets were added to one end car of each set between June 2003 and October 2004.[13]

  •  
    103-1500 series in original livery, February 1983
  •  
    JR Kyushu 103–1500 series in revised livery, April 2006

103-3000 series edit

103-3000 series
 
4-car Kawagoe Line set 53, June 2004
In service1985–2005
ReplacedKiHa 35
Constructed1972–1974 (remodeled 72-970 series)
Entered service1985
Scrapped2004-2005
Number built15 vehicles (5 sets, initially 3-cars per set)
Number in serviceNone
Number scrapped15 vehicles
Formation3/4 cars per trainset
OperatorsJNR (1985-1987)
JR East (1987-2005)
Lines servedKawagoe Line, Hachiko Line

Five three-car 103–3000 series sets (numbered 51 to 55) were formed in 1985 from former 72–970 series EMU cars for use on the Kawagoe Line following electrification in September 1985. Five MoHa 72970 cars were also converted to SaHa 103-3000 cars to augment Ome Line trains. These cars were fitted with passenger-operated door controls. The five Kawagoe Line sets were lengthened to four cars between October 1995 and March 1996 ahead of Hachiko Line electrification in March 1996.[11][14] The last set was withdrawn in October 2005.

  •  
    Kawagoe Line 103–3000 series set 53 as a three-car set in May 1993
  • Formation
  1. KuMoHa 102-3000
  2. MoHa 103-3000 (with pantograph)
  3. SaHa 103-3000
  4. KuHa 103-3000

103-3500 series (JR East) edit

103-3500 series (JR East)
 
4-car Kawagoe Line set 56, June 2004
In service1996–2005
ReplacedKiHa 35
Constructed1967-1968 (remodeled 103-0 series)
Entered service1996
Refurbished1995
Scrapped2005
Number built4 vehicles (1 set)
Number in serviceNone
Number scrapped4 vehicles (1 set)
Formation4 cars per trainset
OperatorsJR East (1996-2005)
Lines servedKawagoe Line, Hachiko Line

One 4-car 103–3500 series set was formed in December 1995 from surplus 103–0 series cars to augment the fleet ahead of Hachikō Line electrification in March 1996. As with the 103–3000 series sets, passenger-operated door controls were fitted. The motor/trailer car configuration differed from that of the 103–3000 series sets.[11][14] The single set was withdrawn in March 2005.

  • Formation
  1. KuHa 103-3502 (formerly KuHa 103–738)
  2. MoHa 102-3501 (formerly MoHa 102–2047)
  3. MoHa 103-3501 (with pantograph) (formerly MoHa 103–790)
  4. KuHa 103-3501 (formerly KuHa 103–725)

103-3500 series (JR West) edit

103-3500 series (JR West)
 
JR-West refurbished 2-car 103-3500 series sets in Bantan Line livery, August 2007
In service1998–present
Entered service1998
Refurbished1997–1998
Number built18 vehicles (9 sets)
Number in service18 vehicles (9 sets)
Formation2 cars per trainset
OperatorsJR West (1998-present)
Lines servedBantan Line

Nine 2-car 103–3500 series refurbished sets (H1 to H9) were formed between September 1997 and March 1998 ahead of Bantan Line electrification in March 1998. Toilets were added between 2005 and 2006.[12][4]

  • Formation
  1. KuMoHa 102-3500 (with toilet)
  2. KuMoHa 103-3500 (with pantograph)

103-3550 series edit

103-3550 series
 
JR-West refurbished Kakogawa Line 2-car 103-3550 series set, January 2008
In service2005–present
ReplacedKiHa 37, KiHa 40, KiHa 47
Entered service2005
Refurbished2004
Number built16 vehicles (8 sets)
Number in service16 vehicles (8 sets)
Formation2 cars per trainset
OperatorsJR West (2005-present)
Lines servedKakogawa Line

Eight 2-car 103–3550 series refurbished sets (M1 to M8) were formed between January and October 2004 ahead of Kakogawa Line electrification in March 2005. These sets feature cab gangway connections and toilets.[12][4]

  • Formation
  1. KuMoHa 102-3550 (with toilet)
  2. KuMoHa 103-3550 (with pantograph)
  •  
    Kakogawa Line 2-car 103–3550 series set M1 with Train with eyes livery by Tadanori Yokoo, October 2005
  •  
    Kakogawa Line 2-car 103–3550 series set M2 with Travel in a galaxy livery by Tadanori Yokoo, February 2006
  •  
    Kakogawa Line 2-car 103–3550 series set M8 with Run! Three-way junction livery side view by Tadanori Yokoo, August 2007

Internal training sets edit

One internal crew training set, formed as KuMoHa 103-100 + MoHa 102–224, was used for internal crew training at the JR East Crew Training Center at Higashi-Omiya Depot. The set had different cab end designs, as MoHa 102-224 used the cab of former ATC equipped KuHa 103–332, sets. It was withdrawn in 2009 following the delivery of a new 209 series-based training set in 2008.

  •  
    Higashi-Ōmiya set, 2008

Preserved examples edit

  •  
    KuMoHa 103–18 at Mino-Ōta Depot in April 2007
  •  
    KuHa 103–525 at the Toshiba factory in Fuchu in March 2010
  •  
    MoHa 102-230 stored at the RTRI facility in Kokubunji, Tokyo, in October 2010

References edit

  1. ^ a b Jr電車編成表 2018冬 JR電車編成表 2018冬 [JR EMU Formations - Winter 2018] (in Japanese). Japan: Kotsu Shimbunsha. 15 November 2017. p. 422. ISBN 978-4-330-84117-5.
  2. ^ Haraguchi, Takayuki (2009). Jr全車両: ビジュアル決定版 Encyclopedia of JR's Railway Cars: ＪＲ全車両 (in Japanese). Japan: Sekai Bunka. pp. 60–61. ISBN 978-4-418-09905-4.
  3. ^ JR East news release (9 October 2009) Archived 13 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 9 October 2009. (in Japanese)
  4. ^ a b c d JR電車編成表 '07冬号 [JR EMU Formations - Winter 2007]. Japan: JRR. December 2006. ISBN 978-4-88283-046-7.
  5. ^ "103系NS407編成・NS409編成が吹田へ" [103 series sets NS407 and NS409 go to Suita]. Japan Railfan Magazine Online (in Japanese). Japan: Koyusha Co., Ltd. 28 July 2022. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
  6. ^ a b "和田岬線の103系R1編成が引退 - 鉄道ファン" [Wadamisaki line 103 series set R1 retired]. Japan Railfan Magazine Online (in Japanese). Japan: Koyusha Co., Ltd. 18 March 2023. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
  7. ^ "JNR 103 series - The Red List of Trains in Japan". bateman.monologue.jp. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
  8. ^ インドネシアで活躍する日本の電車２００９ [Japanese EMUs active in Indonesia 2009]. The Railway Pictorial. 59 (824): 102–107. October 2009.
  9. ^ "May 2023 issue - Aboshi General Rolling Stock Office Akashi Branch Set R1 decommissioned. 103-0 series all retired!". Japan Railfan Magazine Online (in Japanese). Japan: Koyusha Co., Ltd. May 2023. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
  10. ^ 103系DDM改造車営業運転開始
  11. ^ a b c d JR全車輛ハンドブック1997 [JR Rolling Stock Handbook 1997]. Japan: Neko Publishing. 1997.
  12. ^ a b c JR全車両ハンドブック2006 [JR Rolling Stock Handbook 2006]. Japan: Neko Publishing. 2006.
  13. ^ JR電車編成表 2009夏 [JR EMU Formations - Summer 2009]. Japan: JRR. June 2009. ISBN 978-4-330-06909-8.
  14. ^ a b JR電車編成表 '02夏号 [JR EMU Formations - Summer 2002]. Japan: JRR. June 2002. ISBN 978-4-88283-037-5.
  15. ^ 京都鉄道博物館 [Kyoto Railway Museum]. Japan Railfan Magazine (in Japanese). Vol. 56, no. 662. Japan: Koyusha Co., Ltd. June 2016. pp. 52–53.
  16. ^ 3/23,東芝府中工場の103系とクモニ83が工場外に [23 March: Toshiba Fuchu Factory 103 series and KuMoNi 83 moved outside]. Japan Railfan Magazine. 52 (615): 178. July 2012.
  17. ^ a b c d Sasada, Masahiro (25 November 2014). 国鉄&jr 保存車大全 2015-2016 国鉄&JR保存車大全2015-2016 [JNR & JR Preserved Rolling Stock Complete Guide 2015-2016] (in Japanese). Tokyo, Japan: Ikaros Publications Ltd. p. 123. ISBN 978-4863209282.
  18. ^ Sasada, Masahiro (September 2012). 国鉄&jr保存車大全: 日本全国全カテゴリー1312両 国鉄&JR保存車大全 [JNR & JR Preserved Rolling Stock Complete Guide] (in Japanese). Tokyo, Japan: Ikaros Publications Ltd. p. 127. ISBN 978-4863206175.

Further reading edit

  • Moro, Nobuaki (30 June 2012). 103系物語: 戦後日本の高度成長を支えた通勤電車 103系物語 [The 103 series story]. Japan: JTB Can Books. ISBN 978-4533086991.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to JNR 103.
  • "JR East 103 series". jreast.co.jp (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 10 February 2010. Retrieved 19 March 2009.
  • "JR Central train information page". jreast.co.jp (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 22 May 2010. Retrieved 16 March 2009.