Haplogroup O-M175 is one of NO-M214's two branches. The other is Haplogroup N, which is common throughout North Eurasia.
Distributionedit
This haplogroup appears in high to moderate frequencies in most populations in both East Asia and Southeast Asia, and it is almost exclusive to that region: It is almost nonexistent in Western Siberia, Western Asia, Europe, most of Africa, India and the Americas, where its presence may be the result of recent migrations. However, certain O subclades do achieve significant frequencies among some populations of Central Asia, South Asia, and Oceania. For example, one study found it at a rate of 67% among the Naimans, a tribe in Kazakhstan,[4] even though the rate among Kazakhs in general is only about 3.3% to 10.8%(Wells et al. 2001).[4][9] (It is notable that 75% of cases of haplogroup O-M175 observed in the Kazakh sample of Ashirbekov et al. 2017, of which 10.8% have been found to belong to haplogroup O-M175, have been contributed by the Naimans themselves; only 3.1% of the remainder of the Kazakh sample with the Naimans excluded belong to haplogroup O-M175.) It has been estimated that 25% of the entire male population of the world carries different subclades of O.[8][10] Karafet et al. (2015) have assigned the Y-DNA of 46.2% (12/26) of a sample of Papuan from Pantar Island to haplogroup NO-M214;[11] considering their location in the Malay Archipelago, all or most of these individuals should belong to haplogroup O-M175.
Haplogroup O-M175 ranges in various moderate to high frequencies in the ethnic minorities of South Africa. The frequency of this haplogroup is 6.14% in the Cape colored population.[21] 18% in Cape Coloured Muslim, 38% in Cape Indian Muslims and 10% in other Cape Other Muslim.[21] It's found 11.5% in the Réunion Creole.[22] Haplogroup O-M175 had also been found in Latin America and Caribbean as a result of massive Chinese male migration from the 19th century. It was found in the Jamaicans at 3.8,[23]Cubans 1.5%[24]
Haplogroup O-M175 has been found in 88.7% of Asian American. 1.6% in Hispanic American, White Americans 0.5%, and 0.3% in African American.[25] Another study gives 0.5% African American.[26]
Among the sub-branches of haplogroup O-M175 are O-M119(O1a), O-M268(O1b), and O-M122(O2).
Y Haplogroup O3-M122 makes up the majority of Jadoon's males, the same haplogroup carried by the majority (50-60%) of Han Chinese. 82.5% of Jadoon men carrying Q-MEH2 and O3-M122 which are both of East Asian origin. O3-M122 was absent in the Sayyid (Syed) population and appeared in low numbers among Tanolis, Gujars and Yousafzais. There appears to be founder affect in the O3-M122 among the Jadoon.[27][28][29] 76.32% of Jadoon men carry O3-M122 while 0.75% of Tanolis, 0.81% of Gujars and 2.82% of Yousafzais carry O3-M122.[30][31]
Russians in China East Asian haplogroup O made up 58% of their Y haplogroup. O3-M122 specifically made up 47% of the Russian sample.[32] The East Asian Y haplogroup O3-M122 was found in 47% of Russian males in China. In another test the East Asian paternal Y Haplogroup O made up 58% of Russian males samples in China.[33]
Haplogroup O was found in 1%-1.2% of Persians in one sample.[34][35][36][37]
O3-M122 is the commonly shared genetic signature of Sino-Tibetan speaking ethnicities.[38]
O-M175*edit
A broad survey of Y-chromosome variation among populations of central Eurasia found haplogroup O-M175(xM119,M95,M122) in 31% (14/45) of a sample of Koreans and in smaller percentages of Crimean Tatars (1/22 = 4.5%), Tajiks (1/16 = 6.25% Dushanbe, 1/40 = 2.5% Samarkand), Uyghurs (2/41 = 4.9%), Uzbeks (1/68 = 1.5% Surxondaryo, 1/70 = 1.4% Xorazm), and Kazakhs (1/54 = 1.9%) (Wells et al. 2001). However, nearly all of the purported Korean O-M175(xM119,M95,M122) Y-chromosomes may belong to Haplogroup O-M176,[Note 1] and later studies do not support the finding of O-M175* among similar population samples (Xue 2006, Kim 2011). The reported examples of O-M175(xM119,M95,M122) Y-chromosomes that have been found among these populations might therefore belong to Haplogroup O-M268*(xM95,M176) or Haplogroup O-M176 (O1b2).
A study published in 2013 found O-M175(xM119, M95, M176, M122) Y-DNA in 5.5% (1/18) Iranians from Teheran, 5.4% (2/37) Tajiks from Badakhshan Province of Afghanistan, and 1/97 Mongols from northwest Mongolia, while finding O-M176 only in 1/20 Mongols from northeast Mongolia.[39]
O-F265 (O1)edit
O1a-M119 and O1b-M268 share a common ancestor, O1-F265 (a.k.a. O-F75) approximately 33,181 (95% CI 24,461 to 36,879) YBP.[1][40] O1-F265, in turn, coalesces to a common ancestor with O2-M122 approximately 33,943 (95% CI 25,124 to 37,631) YBP.[1] Thus, O1-F265 should have existed as a single haplogroup parallel to O2-M122 for a duration of approximately 762 years (or anywhere from 0 to 13,170 years considering the 95% CIs and assuming that the phylogeny is correct) before breaking up into its two extant descendant haplogroups, O1-MSY2.2 and O1b-M268.
O-M119 (O1a)edit
O-M119 (which was known briefly as O-MSY2.2, until the SNP MSY2.2 was found to be unreliable) is found frequently in Austronesian-speaking people, with a moderate distribution in southern and eastern Chinese and Kra-dai peoples.
O-M159China (about 0.79% of the national male population[65]), Taiwan, Cambodia, Malaysia, Singapore[47]
O-FTA21663/O-MF22947China (Heilongjiang,[41][42] Inner Mongolia,[41][42] Zhejiang,[42] Shanghai,[42] Henan,[42] Hebei,[42] etc.; accounts for about 0.06% of the male population in China at present[66]), Saudi Arabia (al-Qaṣīm[41])
O-MF18577/O-MF18626China (currently accounts for about 0.23% of all males in China, especially in Jiangsu [1.08%], Shanghai [0.69%], Ningxia [0.39%], Shandong [0.38%], Anhui [0.33%], Heilongjiang [0.32%], Zhejiang [0.31%], and Jilin [0.26%][69]), Kazakhstan,[70] Thailand[70]
O-F21738Philippines,[70] Malaysia (1505 - 1653 CE Kinabatagan, Sabah[70]), Indonesia (30 BCE - 10 CE Topogaro, Sulawesi[70]), Taiwan (Hanben 3734 from the Hanben site, Yilan County, Late Iron Age, 300 - 450 CE[70])
O-F1262/O-Y173492China[41][70] (accounts for about 0.15% of the male population in China at present and is relatively concentrated in Zhejiang, Taiwan, Anhui, Jiangxi, etc.;[73] also observed in individuals from Zhenjiang,[43]Hejian,[43] and Langfang[43])
O-MF106428/O-Y94472/O-FTB23660Thailand[70] (Phayao,[41] Phutai, Lao Isan, Tai Lue, Phuan, Shan, Khon Mueang/Tai Yuan, Khmer, Mon[43]), Vietnam[70] (Tày in Lào Cai[43]), China (Dai in Xishuangbanna,[41]Achang in Yunnan;[43] accounts for about 0.05% of all males in China at present, mainly distributed in Guangxi and Guangdong[74])
O-F1275Guangxi (Dushan 4-1 ca. 7024 - 6643 BCE[70])
O-F17410/O-F18833/O-MF122643/O-BY177553Thailand (Lao Isan in Northeast Thailand[51][43])
O-MF106415/O-MF111486/O-BY122399Thailand[70] (Shan in Mae Hong Son Province[75][43]), China (observed sporadically in individuals from Hubei, Hunan, Chongqing, Sichuan, Guangxi, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Anhui, Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan, and Shandong[42])
O-CTS123/O-F22573/O-MF48275China (Hunan Han;[41] accounts for about 0.13% of the male population in China at present, mainly distributed in Jiangxi, Hunan and other south-central provinces and cities[76])
O-F14832/O-F15788/O-Y208219China[70] (accounts for about 0.22% of the male population in China at present, mainly distributed in the northern region[77]), Thailand[70] (Mon in Western Thailand,[51][43]Tai Lue in Northern Thailand[51][43])
O-Z25411
O-ACT1126/O-Y140772/O-F1289China (relatively concentrated in northern China at present, accounting for about 0.24% of the national male population;[78] also found in Fujian[41]), Thailand[70] (Lisu[43])
O-Z25398
O-F22005/O-Z25400Thailand[70] (Black Hmong in North Thailand[41][75]), Vietnam[70] (Kinh in Ho Chi Minh City[41]), China (currently distributed mainly in Guangxi, Sichuan, Guangdong and other places, accounting for about 0.10% of the national male population[79])
O-MF17697Laos,[70] Thailand,[70] China (Jiangsu, Hunan, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Guangdong, Guizhou, Yunnan, Fujian, Sichuan, Hong Kong, Chongqing, Henan, Liaoning[42])
O-F1234/O-Y37855
O-Y185160/O-MF36985Hebei,[41]Beijing,[41] Sichuan, Shaanxi, Guangxi, Zhejiang, Shandong, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Hubei, Jiangxi (currently accounts for approximately 0.13% of the Chinese male population[80])
O-FGC71370
O-MF193618Sichuan, Zhejiang, Shandong, Anhui, Hunan, Hubei, Fujian (currently accounts for about 0.08% of the male population in China, mainly distributed in Guangdong, Hunan, Anhui and other provinces and cities[81]), Philippines[70]
O-F14904/N5Ningxia,[41]Hmong (Northern Thailand[75]), She,[41]Iu Mien (Phayao Province[75]), Quebec[41]. Huang et al. (2022) found that this is the most common Y-chromosome haplogroup among many Hmongic-speaking ethnic groups (including Guangxi Miao, Hunan Miao, Hunan Pa-hng, and Thailand Hmong), with a frequency of 47.1% among the Guangxi Miao.[82]
Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being, above all, timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.
^O-M175(xM119,M95,M122) is sometimes incorrectly called "O*".
^The outlier Kadai branch is called "Kra" by Thai linguist Weera Ostapirat and "Geyang" by Chinese linguists.
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Sources for conversion tablesedit
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Jobling, Mark A.; Tyler-Smith, Chris (2000), "New uses for new haplotypes", Trends in Genetics, 16 (8): 356–62, doi:10.1016/S0168-9525(00)02057-6, PMID 10904265
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Karafet, Tatiana; Xu, Liping; Du, Ruofu; Wang, William; et al. (September 2001). "Paternal Population History of East Asia: Sources, Patterns, and Microevolutionary Processes". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 69 (3): 615–628. doi:10.1086/323299. PMC1235490. PMID 11481588.
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Su, Bing; Xiao, Junhua; Underhill, Peter; Deka, Ranjan; et al. (December 1999). "Y-Chromosome Evidence for a Northward Migration of Modern Humans into Eastern Asia during the Last Ice Age". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 65 (6): 1718–1724. doi:10.1086/302680. PMC1288383. PMID 10577926.
Underhill, Peter A.; Shen, Peidong; Lin, Alice A.; Jin, Li; et al. (November 2000). "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations". Nature Genetics. 26 (3): 358–361. doi:10.1038/81685. PMID 11062480. S2CID 12893406.
Further readingedit
Edmondson JA (2007). Jimmy G. Harris, Somsonge Burusphat and James E. Harris (ed.). "The power of language over the past: Tai settlement and Tai linguistics in southern China and northern Vietnam" (PDF). Studies in Southeast Asian Languages and Linguistics. Bangkok, Thailand: Ek Phim Thai Co. Ltd.
van Driem, George (2011). "Rice and the Austroasiatic and Hmong-Mien Homelands". In Enfield, N. J (ed.). Dynamics of Human Diversity(PDF). Pacific Linguistics. pp. 361–390. CiteSeerX10.1.1.694.9991. ISBN 978-0-85883-638-9. S2CID 135246934.
Firasat S, Khaliq S, Mohyuddin A, Papaioannou M, Tyler-Smith C, Underhill PA, Ayub Q (January 2007). "Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan". European Journal of Human Genetics. 15 (1): 121–6. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201726. PMC2588664. PMID 17047675.
Fornarino, Simona; Pala, Maria; Battaglia, Vincenza; Maranta, Ramona; Achilli, Alessandro; Modiano, Guido; Torroni, Antonio; Semino, Ornella; Santachiara-Benerecetti, Silvana A (December 2009). "Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the Tharus (Nepal): a reservoir of genetic variation". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 9 (1): 154. Bibcode:2009BMCEE...9..154F. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-154. PMC2720951. PMID 19573232.
Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Meilerman MB, Underhill PA, Zegura SL, Hammer MF (May 2008). "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree". Genome Research. 18 (5): 830–8. doi:10.1101/gr.7172008. PMC2336805. PMID 18385274.
Kayser M, Choi Y, van Oven M, Mona S, Brauer S, Trent RJ, et al. (July 2008). "The impact of the Austronesian expansion: evidence from mtDNA and Y chromosome diversity in the Admiralty Islands of Melanesia". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 25 (7): 1362–74. doi:10.1093/molbev/msn078. PMID 18390477.
Kharkov, V. N.; Stepanov, V. A.; Medvedeva, O. F.; Spiridonova, M. G.; Voevoda, M. I.; Tadinova, V. N.; Puzyrev, V. P. (2007). "Gene pool differences between Northern and Southern Altaians inferred from the data on Y-chromosomal haplogroups". Russian Journal of Genetics. 43 (5): 551–562. doi:10.1134/S1022795407050110. PMID 17633562. S2CID 566825.
Kim SH, Kim KC, Shin DJ, Jin HJ, Kwak KD, Han MS, et al. (April 2011). "High frequencies of Y-chromosome haplogroup O2b-SRY465 lineages in Korea: a genetic perspective on the peopling of Korea". Investigative Genetics. 2 (1): 10. doi:10.1186/2041-2223-2-10. PMC3087676. PMID 21463511.
Ratliff M (1998). "Ho Ne (She) is Hmongic: One final argument" (PDF). Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 21 (2): 97–109.
Rootsi S, Zhivotovsky LA, Baldovic M, Kayser M, Kutuev IA, Khusainova R, et al. (February 2007). "A counter-clockwise northern route of the Y-chromosome haplogroup N from Southeast Asia towards Europe". European Journal of Human Genetics. 15 (2): 204–11. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201748. PMID 17149388.
Scheinfeldt L, Friedlaender F, Friedlaender J, Latham K, Koki G, Karafet T, et al. (August 2006). "Unexpected NRY chromosome variation in Northern Island Melanesia". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 23 (8): 1628–41. doi:10.1093/molbev/msl028. PMID 16754639.
Shi H, Dong YL, Wen B, Xiao CJ, Underhill PA, Shen PD, et al. (September 2005). "Y-chromosome evidence of southern origin of the East Asian-specific haplogroup O3-M122". American Journal of Human Genetics. 77 (3): 408–19. doi:10.1086/444436. PMC1226206. PMID 16080116.
Su B, Jin L, Underhill P, Martinson J, Saha N, McGarvey ST, et al. (July 2000). "Polynesian origins: insights from the Y chromosome". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 97 (15): 8225–8. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.8225S. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.15.8225. PMC26928. PMID 10899994.
Wells RS, Yuldasheva N, Ruzibakiev R, Underhill PA, Evseeva I, Blue-Smith J, et al. (August 2001). "The Eurasian heartland: a continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 98 (18): 10244–9. Bibcode:2001PNAS...9810244W. doi:10.1073/pnas.171305098. PMC56946. PMID 11526236.
Bo W, Hong S, Ling R, Huifeng X, Kaiyuan L, Wenyi Z, et al. (February 2004). "The origin of Mosuo people as revealed by mtDNA and Y chromosome variation". Science in China Series C: Life Sciences. 47 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1360/02yc0207. PMID 15382670. S2CID 7999778.
Xue Y, Zerjal T, Bao W, Zhu S, Shu Q, Xu J, et al. (April 2006). "Male demography in East Asia: a north-south contrast in human population expansion times". Genetics. 172 (4): 2431–9. doi:10.1534/genetics.105.054270. PMC1456369. PMID 16489223.
External linksedit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Haplogroup O of Y-DNA.
Bradshaw Foundation. "Journey of Man - The Peopling of the World".
ISOGG (2012). "Y-DNA Haplogroup O and its Subclades - 2012".
TMC (1998). "Genetic Findings Support 'Out of Africa' Theory". Archived from the original on 10 October 2009.