A edit

• Nikolai Amosov, prominent cardiovascular surgery developer, best-selling author

B edit

• Aleksandr Bakulev, prominent cardiovascular surgery developer
• Vladimir Bekhterev, neuropathologist, founder of objective psychology, noted the role of the hippocampus in memory, major contributor to reflexology, studied the Bekhterev’s Disease
• Vladimir Betz, discovered Betz cells of primary motor cortex
• Peter Borovsky, described the causative agent of Oriental sore
• Sergey Botkin, major therapist and court physician
• Nikolay Burdenko, major developer of neurosurgery
• Konstantin Buteyko, developed the Buteyko method for the treatment of asthma and other breathing disorders

C edit

• Mikhail Chumakov, co-discovered tick-borne encephalitis, co-developed oral polio vaccine

D edit

• Livery Darkshevich, neurologist, described the nucleus of posterior commissure
• Vladimir Demikhov, major pioneer of transplantology

F edit

• Vladimir Filatov, ophthalmologist, corneal transplantation pioneer
• Svyatoslav Fyodorov, inventor of radial keratotomy

G edit

• Pyotr Gannushkin, psychiatrist, pioneer researcher of psychopathies known today as personality disorders
• Oleg Gazenko, founder of space medicine, selected and trained Laika, the first space dog
• Georgy Gause, inventor of gramicidin S and other antibiotics
• Vera Gedroitz, world's first female professor of surgery
• Hans-Werner Gessmann, one of the world's most famous professor of clinical psychology, founder of humanistic psychodrama psychotherapy
• Yuliya Gippenreyter, researcher in experimental psychology, family therapy and neuro-linguistic programming
• Ilya Gruzinov, found that vocal folds are the source of phonation

H edit

• Waldemar Haffkine, invented the first vaccines against cholera and bubonic plague

I edit

• Gavriil Ilizarov, invented Ilizarov apparatus, developed distraction osteogenesis

K edit

• Nikolai Korotkov, invented auscultatory blood pressure measurement, pioneer of vascular surgery
• Sergey Korsakov, studied the effects of alcoholism on the nervous system, described Korsakoff's syndrome, introduced paranoia concept
• Aleksei Kozhevnikov, neurologist and psychiatrist, described the epilepsia partialis continua

L edit

• Aleksey Leontyev, founder of activity theory in psychology
• Peter Lesgaft, founder of the modern system of physical education in Russia
• Andrey Yevgenyevich Lichko, adolescent psychiatrist
• Alexander Luria, co-developer of activity theory and cultural-historical psychology, major researcher of aphasia

M edit

• Khalida Mamanova, professor, medical doctor, and participant of the Second World War.
• Ilya Mechnikov, pioneer researcher of immune system, probiotics and phagocytosis; coined the term "gerontology", Nobel Prize in Medicine winner
• Lazar Minor, neurologist, described Minor's disease

N edit

• Pyotr Nikolsky, dermatologist, discoverer of Nikolsky's sign
• Raissa Nitabuch, pathologist, the first to describe the spiral arteries which connect the uterine and placental blood flow during pregnancy.

O edit

• Alexey Olovnikov, predicted existence of telomerase, suggested the telomere hypothesis of aging and the telomere relations to cancer

P edit

• Ivan Pavlov, founder of modern physiology, the first to research classical conditioning, influenced comparative psychology and behaviorism by his works on reflexes, Nobel Prize in Medicine winner
• Nikolay Pirogov, pioneer of ether anaesthesia and modern field surgery, the first to perform anaesthesia in the field conditions, invented a number of surgical operations
• Viktor Protopopov, founder of his own pathophysiological school of thought, namesake of Protopopov's syndrome

R edit

• Leonid Rogozov, performed an appendectomy on himself during the 6th Soviet Antarctic Expedition, a famous case of self-surgery
• Grigory Rossolimo, pioneer of child neuropsychology
• Vladimir Roth, neuropathologist, described meralgia paraesthetica

S edit

• Ivan Sechenov, founder of electrophysiology and neurophysiology, author of the classic work Reflexes of the Brain
• Vladimir Serbsky, founder of forensic psychiatry in Russia
• Nikolay Sklifosovskiy, prominent 19th-century field surgeon
• Victor Skumin, first to describe a previously unknown disease, now called Skumin syndrome^[1] (a disorder of the central nervous system of some patients after a prosthetic heart valve)^[2]
• Lina Stern, pioneer researcher of blood–brain barrier

U edit

• Fyodor Uglov, oldest practicing surgeon in history
• Igor Ursov, phthisiatrist, the inventor of intravenous intermittent bactericidal tuberculosis therapy

V edit

• Alexander Varshavsky, researched ubiquitination, Wolf Prize in Medicine winner
• Vikenty Veresayev, Russian/Soviet doctor, author of Memoirs of a Physician^[3]
• Luka Voyno-Yasenetsky, founder of purulent surgery, saint
• Lev Vygotsky, founder of cultural-historical psychology, major contributor to child development and psycholinguistics, introduced zone of proximal development and cultural mediation concepts

W edit

• Josias Weitbrecht, first to describe the construction and function of intervertebral discs

Y edit

• Sergei Yudin, inventor of cadaveric blood transfusion

Z edit

• Alexander Zaporozhets, developmental psychologist, collaborator of Vygotsky, Luria, and Leontiev, once head of the Kharkov School of Psychology
• Bluma Zeigarnik, psychiatrist, discovered the Zeigarnik effect, founded experimental psychopathology

• List of physicians
• Psychiatry in the Soviet Union
• List of Russian scientists
• List of Russian inventors
• Science and technology in Russia