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List of languages in the Eurovision Song Contest

Summary

The following list is of languages used in the Eurovision Song Contest since its inception in 1956, including songs (as) performed in finals and, since 2004, semi-finals.

The rules concerning the language of the entries have been changed several times. In the past, the contest's organisers have sometimes compelled countries to only sing in their own national languages, but since 1999 no such restriction has existed.

History edit

From 1956 until 1965, there was no rule restricting the language(s) in which the songs could be sung. For example, in the 1965 contest, Sweden's Ingvar Wixell sang his song in English. After this, a rule was imposed that a song must be performed in one of the official languages of the country participating. This new language policy remained in place until 1973.

From 1973 to 1976 inclusive, participants were allowed to enter songs in any language. Several winners took advantage of this, with songs in English by countries where other languages are spoken, this included ABBA's "Waterloo" in 1974 for Sweden and Teach-In's "Ding-a-dong" for the Netherlands in 1975.[1]

In 1977, the European Broadcasting Union (EBU), the contest organisers, reimposed the national language restriction. However, Germany and Belgium were given a special dispensation to use English, as their national song selection procedures were already too advanced to change. During the language rule, the only countries which were allowed to sing in English were Ireland, Malta and the United Kingdom as English is an official language in those countries. The restriction was imposed from 1977 to 1998.

From 1999 onwards, a free choice of language was again allowed. Since then, several countries have chosen songs that mixed languages, often English and their national language. Prior to that, songs such as Croatia's "Don't Ever Cry" (1993), Austria's "One Step" and Bosnia and Herzegovina's "Goodbye" (1997) had a title and one line of the song in a non-native language. In 1994, Poland caused a scandal when Edyta Górniak broke the rules by singing her song in English during the dress rehearsal[2][3] (which is shown to the juries who selected the winner). Only six countries demanded that Poland should be disqualified, and with the rules requiring at least 13 countries to complain, the proposed removal did not occur.[4]

Since 2000, some songs have used constructed languages (conlangs): the Belgian entries in 2003 ("Sanomi") and 2008 ("O Julissi") were entirely in constructed languages. In 2006, the Dutch entry "Amambanda" was sung partly in English and partly in a conlang.

The entry which used the most languages was "It's Just a Game", which represented Norway in 1973. It was performed in English and French, with some lyrics in Spanish, Italian, Dutch, German, Irish, Serbo-Croatian, Hebrew, Finnish, Swedish and Norwegian. In 2012, Bulgaria was represented by the song "Love Unlimited", which mainly had lyrics in Bulgarian, but with phrases in Turkish, Greek, Spanish, Serbo-Croatian, French, Romani, Italian, Azerbaijani, Arabic and English. The 1969 Yugoslav entry "Pozdrav svijetu" was mainly sung in Croatian, but also had phrases in Spanish, German, French, English, Dutch, Italian, Russian and Finnish.

As of 2024, the only country that has never entered a song completely in one or more of its national languages is Azerbaijan, which has never entered a song fully in the Azerbaijani language (although the aforementioned "Love Unlimited" contained a line in the language, the 2021 Azerbaijani entry "Mata Hari" contained a repeated phrase in the language, and the chorus of the 2024 Azerbaijani entry "Özünlə apar" is in Azerbaijani). Monaco has never used Monégasque, its traditional national language, but French is Monaco's official and most commonly spoken language, and all of Monaco's entries have been entirely or primarily in French.

On the other hand, as of 2024, there are only ten countries whose representatives have performed all their songs at least partially in an official, regional or national language: Andorra, Australia, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, France, Morocco and the United Kingdom. In addition, former countries Serbia and Montenegro and Yugoslavia, and current countries Ireland, Malta and the United Kingdom, have only been represented by songs fully in an official language.

The only editions not to feature any English-language entries were 1956 and 1958, while 2022 was the first time in the history of the event that no entry was performed in French – with the two being the official languages of the contest. In 1956 and 1958 no anglophone country participated whereas in 2022 the three francophone participants entered songs in English (Belgium and Switzerland) and Breton (France) respectively. While non-francophone countries have in the past sent entries wholly or partially in French, none did so in 2022.

Criticism edit

French legislator François-Michel Gonnot criticised broadcaster France Télévisions and launched an official complaint in the French Parliament, as the song which represented France in 2008, "Divine" by Sébastien Tellier, was sung in English.[5] A similar incident occurred again in 2014, when Ruth Lorenzo was criticised by the Royal Spanish Academy after winning the Spanish national selection with her song "Dancing in the Rain", which contained some lyrics in English.

Spoken languages in the contest edit

The following natural languages have appeared in at least one competing entry in the Eurovision Song Contest:

Language families edit

Most Europeans speak one or several Indo-European languages as a first language, second language or both. Of the main branches of Indo-European, Germanic and Romance have been represented at every ESC. Balto-Slavic languages, another branch of Indo-European with hundreds of millions of speakers, were first introduced to the contest by Yugoslavia and have become more common after the end of the Cold War as more and more countries with a Slavic national language participated. The Baltic subgroup of Baltoslavic has only sporadically appeared as these languages have few speakers outside Lithuania and Latvia. Smaller branches such as Hellenic languages, Albanoid, Celtic languages (including Breton and Irish), Armenian languages and others have likewise depended on whether the national broadcaster representing that language participates and selects an entry in that language. For example despite Irish being de jure a co-official national language in Ireland, there has been only one Irish-language entry, but two in Breton, a language that has been actively fought against by the French state in the 20th century. While the Indo-Iranian branch of Indo-European includes some of the most spoken languages in the world, few people in EBU member states speak one of those languages and thus their presence at Eurovision thus far has been minimal.

Non-Indo-European languages have been appearing since the 1960s. The first group to appear were the Uralic languages which include Sami, Finnish, Estonian and Hungarian. In the 1970s Semitic languages (of the wider Afroasiatic family) which have been represented by the Maltese language, Hebrew and various varieties of Arabic first appeared in the contest. The Turkic languages have mostly been represented by Turkey (Azeri which is also a Turkic language has only been used for a few lines in a few songs thus far). As Turkey hasn't participated since 2012, the representation of Turkic languages has decreased.

Besides those languages that have notable communities of native speakers in EBU member states, there have been conlangs (languages "made up" by identifiable individuals or groups of individuals in recent times – some of the entries used a conlang devised specifically for that song bordering on glossolalia), languages from outside the EBU area as well as "dead" classical languages such as Ancient Greek, Sanskrit or Classical Latin used for songs, their titles or parts of their lyrics.

Spoken languages and their first appearance edit

Spoken languages are fully counted below when they are used in at least an entire verse or chorus of a song. First brief uses of a language and first uses of dialects are also noted.

Order Language[36][37] First
appearance 		Country First performer First song
1 Dutch 1956   Netherlands Jetty Paerl "De vogels van Holland"
2 German    Switzerland Lys Assia "Das alte Karussell"
3 French   Belgium Fud Leclerc "Messieurs les noyés de la Seine"
4 Italian   Italy Franca Raimondi "Aprite le finestre"
5 English 1957   United Kingdom Patricia Bredin "All"
– phrases in Spanish   Germany Margot Hielscher "Telefon, Telefon"
6 Danish   Denmark Birthe Wilke and Gustav Winckler "Skibet skal sejle i nat"
7 Swedish 1958   Sweden Alice Babs "Lilla stjärna"
8 Luxembourgish 1960   Luxembourg Camillo Felgen "So laang we's du do bast"
9 Norwegian   Norway Nora Brockstedt "Voi Voi"
– title in Sámi
10 Spanish 1961   Spain Conchita Bautista "Estando contigo"
11 Finnish   Finland Laila Kinnunen "Valoa ikkunassa"
12 Serbo-Croatian[N 1]   Yugoslavia Ljiljana Petrović "Neke davne zvezde" (Неке давне звезде)
13 Portuguese 1964   Portugal António Calvário "Oração"
14 Slovene 1966   Yugoslavia Berta Ambrož "Brez besed"
– phrases in Russian 1969 Ivan and 4M "Pozdrav svijetu" (Поздрав свијету)
– Viennese German 1971   Austria Marianne Mendt "Musik"
15 Maltese   Malta Joe Grech "Marija l-Maltija"
16 Irish 1972   Ireland Sandie Jones "Ceol an Ghrá"
17 Hebrew 1973   Israel Ilanit "Ey Sham" (אי שם)
18 Greek 1974   Greece Marinella "Krasi, thalassa kai t'agori mou" (Κρασί, θάλασσα και τ'αγόρι μου)
19 Turkish 1975   Turkey Semiha Yankı "Seninle Bir Dakika"
– title in Latin 1977   Finland Monica Aspelund "Lapponia"
20 Arabic 1980   Morocco Samira Said "Bitaqat Hub" (بطاقة حب)
– phrases in Northern Sámi   Norway Sverre Kjelsberg and Mattis Hætta "Sámiid ædnan"
21 Icelandic 1986   Iceland ICY "Gleðibankinn"
22 Romansh 1989    Switzerland Furbaz "Viver senza tei"
– Finland Swedish 1990   Finland Beat "Fri?"
23 Neapolitan 1991   Italy Peppino di Capri "Comme è ddoce 'o mare"
24 Antillean Creole 1992   France Kali "Monté la riviè"
25 Serbian (variety of Serbo-Croatian)[N 1]   Yugoslavia Extra Nena "Ljubim te pesmama" (Љубим те песмама)
– phrases in Corsican 1993   France Patrick Fiori "Mama Corsica"
26 Bosnian (variety of Serbo-Croatian)[N 1]   Bosnia and Herzegovina Fazla "Sva bol svijeta"
27 Croatian (variety of Serbo-Croatian)[N 1]   Croatia Put "Don't Ever Cry"
28 Estonian 1994   Estonia Silvi Vrait "Nagu merelaine"
29 Romanian   Romania Dan Bittman "Dincolo de nori"
30 Slovak   Slovakia Martin Ďurinda and Tublatanka "Nekonečná pieseň"
31 Lithuanian   Lithuania Ovidijus Vyšniauskas "Lopšinė mylimai"
32 Hungarian   Hungary Friderika Bayer "Kinek mondjam el vétkeimet?"
33 Russian   Russia Youddiph "Vechny strannik" (Вечный стрaнник)
34 Polish   Poland Edyta Górniak "To nie ja!"
– phrases in Ancient Greek 1995   Greece Elina Konstantopoulou "Pia Prosefhi" (Ποιά προσευχή)
– Vorarlbergish 1996   Austria George Nussbaumer "Weil's dr guat got"
35 Breton   France Dan Ar Braz and l'Héritage des Celtes "Diwanit Bugale"
36 Macedonian 1998   Macedonia Vlado Janevski "Ne zori, zoro" (Не зори, зоро)
– Samogitian 1999   Lithuania Aistė "Strazdas"
– Styrian 2003   Austria Alf Poier "Weil der Mensch zählt"
37 Constructed language   Belgium Urban Trad "Sanomi"
38 Latvian 2004   Latvia Fomins and Kleins "Dziesma par laimi"
39 Catalan   Andorra Marta Roure "Jugarem a estimar-nos"
40 lines in Ukrainian   Ukraine Ruslana "Wild Dances"
41 Võro   Estonia Neiokõsõ "Tii"
42 Montenegrin (variety of Serbo-Croatian)[N 1] 2005   Serbia and Montenegro No Name "Zauvijek moja" (Заувијек моја)
43 Albanian 2006   Albania Luiz Ejlli "Zjarr e ftohtë"
– phrases in Tahitian   Monaco Séverine Ferrer "La Coco-Dance"
– phrases in Andalusian Spanish   Spain Las Ketchup "Bloody Mary"
– phrases in Dalmatian Croatian   Croatia Severina "Moja štikla"
44 Bulgarian 2007   Bulgaria Elitsa Todorova and Stoyan Yankoulov "Water"
45 Czech   Czech Republic Kabát "Malá dáma"
– lines in Surzhyk   Ukraine Verka Serduchka "Dancing Lasha Tumbai"
– phrases in Armenian   Armenia Hayko "Anytime You Need"
– phrases in Romani 2009   Czech Republic Gipsy.cz "Aven Romale"
46 lines in Armenian   Armenia Inga and Anush "Jan Jan" (Ջան Ջան)
– phrases in Karelian 2010   Finland Kuunkuiskaajat "Työlki ellää"
– phrases in Swahili 2011   Norway Stella Mwangi "Haba Haba"
47 Corsican   France Amaury Vassili "Sognu"
– phrases in Gheg Albanian 2012   Albania Rona Nishliu "Suus"
48 Udmurt   Russia Buranovskiye Babushki "Party for Everybody"
– Mühlviertlerisch   Austria Trackshittaz "Woki mit deim Popo"
– phrases in Azerbaijani   Bulgaria Sofi Marinova "Love Unlimited"
– phrases in Georgian   Georgia Anri Jokhadze "I'm a Joker"
49 lines in Romani 2013   Macedonia Esma and Lozano "Pred da se razdeni" (Пред да се раздени)
– Chakavian   Croatia Klapa s Mora "Mižerja"
– lines in Pontic Greek 2016   Greece Argo "Utopian Land"
50 lines in Crimean Tatar   Ukraine Jamala "1944"
51 Belarusian 2017   Belarus Naviband "Historyja majho žyccia" (Гісторыя майго жыцця)
– phrases in Sanskrit   Italy Francesco Gabbani "Occidentali's Karma"
– phrases in Japanese 2018   Israel Netta "Toy"
52 Georgian   Georgia Ethno-Jazz Band Iriao "For You"
– phrases in Torlakian[38][39][40]   Serbia Sanja Ilić and Balkanika "Nova deca" (Нова деца)
– phrases in Abkhaz[41] 2019   Georgia Oto Nemsadze "Keep on Going"
– lines in Amharic 2020   Israel Eden Alene "Feker Libi" (ፍቅር ልቤ)
53 lines in Sranan Tongo 2021   Netherlands Jeangu Macrooy "Birth of a New Age"
54 lines in Latin 2022   Serbia Konstrakta "In corpore sano"
– phrases in Yankunytjatjara[42] 2024   Australia Electric Fields "One Milkali (One Blood)"
55 lines in Azerbaijani   Azerbaijan Fahree feat. Ilkin Dovlatov "Özünlə apar"
– phrases in Aramaic   Ireland Bambie Thug "Doomsday Blue"

Winners by language edit

  English (47.30%)
  French (20.27%)
  Dutch (4.05%)
  Italian (4.05%)
  Hebrew (4.05%)
  German (2.70%)
  Spanish (2.70%)
  Swedish (2.70%)
  Norwegian (2.70%)
  Ukrainian (2.70%)
  Danish (1.35%)
  Serbo-Croatian (1.35%)
  Serbian (1.35%)
  Crimean Tatar (1.35%)
  Portuguese (1.35%)

Between 1966 and 1972, and again between 1977 and 1998, countries were only permitted to perform in a official, national or regional language of their country. Since language restrictions were last lifted in 1999, only four songs in non-English languages have won: Serbia's "Molitva" in 2007 (Serbian), Portugal's "Amar pelos dois" in 2017 (Portuguese), Italy's "Zitti e buoni" in 2021 (Italian) and Ukraine's "Stefania" in 2022 (Ukrainian). Also, Ukraine's winning entries in 2004 and 2016 combined lyrics in English with Ukrainian and Crimean Tatar, respectively.

In 2017, "Amar pelos dois" became the first Portuguese-language song to win the contest, the first winner since 2007 to both be in a language that had never produced a winning song before and be entirely in a language other than English. Among all Eurovision winning entries, only Ukraine's were performed in more than one language.

2021 was the first year since 1995, and the first since language restrictions were last lifted in 1999, that the top three songs were all sung in a non-English language: Italian (first) and French (second and third).

Wins Language Years Countries
35 English 1967, 1969, 1970, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1980, 1981, 1987, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2018, 2019, 2023 United Kingdom, Ireland, Sweden, Netherlands, Yugoslavia, Denmark, Estonia, Latvia, Turkey, Ukraine, Greece, Finland, Russia, Norway, Germany, Azerbaijan, Austria, Israel
15 French 1956, 1958, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1965, 1966, 1969, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1977, 1983, 1986, 1988 Switzerland, France, Luxembourg, Austria, Monaco, Belgium
3 Dutch 1957, 1959, 1969 Netherlands
Italian 1964, 1990, 2021 Italy
Hebrew 1978, 1979, 1998 Israel
2 German 1966, 1982 Austria, Germany
Spanish 1968, 1969 Spain
Swedish 1984, 1991 Sweden
Norwegian 1985, 1995 Norway
Ukrainian 2004, 2022 Ukraine
1 Danish 1963 Denmark
Serbo-Croatian 1989 Yugoslavia
Serbian 2007 Serbia
Crimean Tatar 2016 Ukraine
Portuguese 2017 Portugal

Entries in imaginary languages edit

Three times in the history of the contest, songs have been sung, wholly or partially, in imaginary languages.[43][44]

Appearance Country Performer Song
2003   Belgium Urban Trad "Sanomi"
2006   Netherlands Treble "Amambanda"
2008   Belgium Ishtar "O Julissi"

Performances with sign languages edit

Some performances have included phrases in sign languages on stage.

Appearance Country Sign language Performer Song Ref
2005   Latvia Latvian Sign Language Walters & Kazha "The War Is Not Over" [45][46]
2006   Poland Polish Sign Language Ich Troje "Follow My Heart" [47]
2011   Lithuania Lithuanian Sign Language Evelina Sašenko "C'est ma vie" [48][49]
2015   Serbia Yugoslav Sign Language Bojana Stamenov "Beauty Never Lies" [50]
2019   France French Sign Language Bilal Hassani "Roi" [51]

See also edit

Notes and references edit

Footnotes edit

  1. ^ a b c d e Serbo-Croatian is the name given to the pluricentric language to which Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian and Montenegrin belong. At the time of Yugoslavia's existence there was little distinction between the four standard varieties: the term Croatian came into use during the 1970s; Serbian and Bosnian evolved politically in the 1990s, and Montenegrin in the 2000s (see Serbo-Croatian for more details). Varying sources outline the language in which Yugoslav entries were performed differently, and another view is that the first entry performed by an artist from each Yugoslav constituent republic can be considered the first for their respective languages: "Neke davne zvezde" for Serbian in 1961, "Brodovi" for Croatian in 1963, "Život je sklopio krug" for Bosnian in 1964, and "Džuli" for Montenegrin in 1983.

References edit

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  4. ^ "Eurovision Song Contest 1994 facts". eurovision-contest.eu. Archived from the original on 9 November 2014. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
  5. ^ Van Gelder, Lawrence (2008-04-17). "French Singer Stirs Storm". nytimes.com. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
  6. ^ "Eurovision Class of 2019: This year's languages". European Broadcasting Union. 5 April 2019. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
  7. ^ "Albania to Compete in Eurovision Song Contest 2021 Finals Tonight". Exit News. 22 May 2021. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
  8. ^ Judah, Jacob (4 March 2020). "Israel's Eurovision song to feature English, Hebrew, Amharic and Arabic". The Jewish Chronicle. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
  9. ^ McCarthy, Rory (26 February 2009). "Israel's Jewish and Arab Eurovision duet criticised". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
  10. ^ Carlo, Andrea (12 February 2019). "It shouldn't matter that Italy's Eurovision rep is half Egyptian – but in Salvini's far-right government, it means everything". The Independent. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
  11. ^ Zhuk, Alyona (20 April 2017). "Naviband brings Belarusian language to Eurovision". Kyiv Post. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
  12. ^ "Meet the people fighting for the survival of the Breton language". France 24. 10 February 2023. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
  13. ^ "Andorra: Looking back over a vibrant Eurovision legacy". European Broadcasting Union. 21 September 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
  14. ^ Adams, Will (9 May 2011). "Q&A With Amaury Vassili, France's Eurovision 2011 Contestant". HuffPost. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
  15. ^ Sasse, Gwendolyn (17 May 2016). "The Crimean Tatars and the Politics of Eurovision". Carnegie Europe. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
  16. ^ Julians, Joe (22 May 2021). "Meet Denmark's Eurovision 2021 act Fyr & Flamme who will sing Øve os på hinanden". Radio Times. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
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  19. ^ Fox, Jennifer (17 February 2024). "5miinust and Puuluup to represent Estonia at Eurovision 2024". Estonian World. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
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  21. ^ Bugel, Safi (19 May 2023). "Cha cha cha! Eurovision stars dominate UK Top 10 after record-breaking final". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
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  25. ^ "Greece: Eurovision song "Utopian Land" released". Eurovisionworld. 2016-03-10. Retrieved 2024-03-16.
  26. ^ "Iceland: Systur shine a light over Europe with their song of hope". European Broadcasting Union. 4 May 2022. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
  27. ^ "First and Only Irish Language Entry". RTÉ Archives. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
  28. ^ Frey, Angelica (10 June 2021). "Eurovision winners Måneskin: 'Cocaine? Damiano barely drinks beer!'". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
  29. ^ "'I'm here to make Lithuanian cool': Monika Liu advances to Eurovision final". Lithuanian National Radio and Television. 11 May 2022. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
  30. ^ "Congratulations Silvester: From Lithuania's 'Eurovizija.LT' to Eurovision". European Broadcasting Union. 17 February 2024. Retrieved 7 March 2024. The singer Aistė represented the country with the song Strazdas which was sung in Samogitian, a dialect of the Lithuanian language.
  31. ^ Levy, Izhar (12 September 2020). "10 reasons why we loved Luxembourg at the Eurovision Song Contest". Wiwibloggs. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
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  34. ^ "Forgettable Songs, Memorable Scandals". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 1 May 2014. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
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  36. ^ "The Diggiloo Thrush". Retrieved 9 September 2020.
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  38. ^ Sanja Ilić & Balkanika - Nova deca (English translation), Lyrics Translate, 28 February 2018.
  39. ^ "Nova deca" lyrics, Wiwibloggs, 21 April 2018.
  40. ^ "Everything you need to know about Eurovision—and its decades of glorious camp". 11 May 2018. Retrieved 13 May 2018.
  41. ^ [1], lyricstranslate, 7 March 2019
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  43. ^ "Ishtar from Belgium to Belgrade". EBU. 10 March 2008. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
  44. ^ Chini, Maïthé (13 May 2023). "Twelve points you need to know about the Eurovision Song Contest". The Brussels Times. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
  45. ^ Hughes, Niamh (12 May 2018). "What is the rarest language used at Eurovision?". BBC. Retrieved 7 March 2019.
  46. ^ Walter & Kazha - The War Is Not Over (Latvia) Live - Eurovision Song Contest 2005 on YouTube
  47. ^ Ich Troje - Follow My Heart (Poland) 2006 Semi-Final on YouTube
  48. ^ "Evelina goes all classic for Lithuania". eurovision.tv. 2 May 2011. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
  49. ^ Evelina Sašenko - C'est Ma Vie (Lithuania) Live 2011 Eurovision Song Contest on YouTube
  50. ^ Bojana Stamenov - Beauty Never Lies (Serbia) - LIVE at Eurovision 2015 Grand Final on YouTube
  51. ^ France - LIVE - Bilal Hassani - Roi - Grand Final - Eurovision 2019 on YouTube

Bibliography edit

  • Eurovision Song Contest history. Eurovision.tv. Retrieved on 19 August 2007.
  • History. ESCtoday.com. Retrieved on 19 August 2007.
  • John Kennedy O'Connor (2005). The Eurovision Song Contest 50 Years The Official History. London: Carlton Books Limited. ISBN 1-84442-586-X.
  • O'Connor, John Kennedy (2005). The Eurovision Song Contest 50 Years The Official History. London: Carlton Books Limited. ISBN 1-84442-586-X.
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  • "Treble will represent the Netherlands". eurovision.tv. Archived from the original on 2006-05-25. Retrieved 2006-05-25.
  • Klier, Marcus (2008-03-09). "Belgium: Ishtar to Eurovision". ESCToday. Retrieved 2008-10-11.

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