Summary
Toscanos (in Spanish Cortijo de Los Toscanos) is the name of an Andalusian cortijo near Vélez-Málaga in southern Spain,[1] and was the location of an early Phoenician settlement.[2][3][4][5][6]
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  Shown within Spain | |
| Location | Vélez, Spain |
|---|---|
| Region | Andalusia |
| Coordinates | 36°44′27″N 4°6′59″W / 36.74083°N 4.11639°W |
| Part of | Phoenician colonies |
| History | |
| Founded | 8th century BC |
| Satellite of | Phoenicia, Carthage |
The Phoenician name of the settlement is unknown. The modern toponym of Toscanos is due to Italian migrants who arrived in the area in the 18th century during the reign of Charles III.[1]
Geography edit
Toscanos is located on a flattened hill overlooking the mouth of the Velez River at the Mediterranean. The hill is on the right bank of the river.[7][8][9][10]
At the height of Toscanos's prosperity around 700 BC, the humidity index was higher than at present and large forests covered the Penibetic Mountains.[11]
History edit
This settlement was one of a number of such colonies established in southern Spain around the 8th century BC to control trade with the Iberian settlements in the interior.[12] The town does not seem to have been a major center for trade or industry involving any kind of metallic ores, but there are murex remains from the processing of dye and evidence of fishing for tuna, sturgeon, and eels as well as the associated processing of salting and preserved sauces like garum.[11] They seem to have principally traded in agricultural goods, raising cattle, sheep, and goats; producing olive oil and wine; and hunting deer, boar, and wild cats.[13]
Toscanos began with an orderly street plan covering about 2.5 hectares (6 acres)[14] and a fortified perimeter.[15] From the middle of the 8th century BC, "large and luxurious" houses as wide as 15 meters (50 ft).[12] In the 7th century BC, there was growth throughout the Phoenician colonies in Spain and Toscanos saw the construction of a great central "storehouse". The variety of surrounding homes suggests a diverse settlement of families including a mercantile elite, artisans, laborers, and slaves.[12] Around 635 BC, the town added a new fortified district and had a population between 1000 and 1500.[16] It covered about 12 hectares (30 acres), 50% larger than the settlement at Agadir (Cadiz),[14] and traded with Greece and Cyprus.[16]
Along with other Phoenician colonies, it underwent various crises during the 6th century BC. The settlement in particular suffered a collapse in its trade with the interior,[17] and the large storehouse and grand houses around it ceased to be used in the early part of the century.[16] The central settlement was abandoned around 550 BC[16] and the rest were finally abandoned for Cerro del Mar on the other side of the Velez.[18] With the rise of Carthaginian control over the Phoenician diaspora, political and commercial power in the area concentrated itself at nearby Malakat (Málaga).[19]
Legacy edit
Asteroid 96086 Toscanos, discovered by astronomers during the second Palomar–Leiden Trojan survey in 1973, was named for the archaeological site.[20]
References edit
Citations edit
- ^ a b Cardoso, Mario (1968). Bibliografia. NIEMEYER, Hans Georg, et al. -Toscanos. Die altpunische Faktorei an der Mündung des Rio de Velez (in Portuguese). Vol. 79. Guimarães: Sociedade Martins Sarmento. pp. 325–329.
Toscanos é o toponimo de uma granja ou herdade andaluza (cortijo), onde existe um pequeno grupo de edificios agricolas, cujo actual proprietario parece descender de imigrantes italianos que, secundo a tradicao, ali se teriam estabelecido, vindos da Toscana no seculo XVIII, durante o reinado do Carlos III.
- ^ Josep Padró i Parcerisa, Egyptian-type Documents: From the Mediterranean Littoral of the Iberian Peninsula Before the Roman Conquest, 1980, ISBN 9004061339, page 118
- ^ Richard Miles, Carthage Must Be Destroyed: The Rise and Fall of an Ancient Civilization, 2011, ISBN 0670022667, page 50.
- ^ Marilyn R. Bierling, Seymour Gitin, The Phoenicians in Spain: An Archaeological Review of the Eighth-Sixth Centuries B.C.E. : A Collection of Articles Translated from Spanish, 2002, ISBN 1575060566.
- ^ Ann Neville, Mountains of silver & rivers of gold: the Phoenicians in Iberia, 2007, ISBN 1842171771.
- ^ María Eugenia Aubet, The Phoenicians and the West: Politics, Colonies and Trade, 2001, ISBN 0521795435.
- ^ Padró i Parcerisa (1980), p. 118.
- ^ Miles (2011), p. 50.
- ^ Bierling & al. (2002).
- ^ Neville (2007).
- ^ a b Aubet (2001), p. 315.
- ^ a b c Aubet (1994), p. 50.
- ^ Aubet (2001), p. 316.
- ^ a b Aubet (1994), p. 51.
- ^ Aubet (2001), p. 319.
- ^ a b c d Aubet (2001), p. 321.
- ^ Aubet (1994), pp. 58–9.
- ^ Neville (2007), p. 167.
- ^ Aubet (1994), p. 59.
- ^ "96086 Toscanos (1006 T-2)". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
Bibliography edit
- Aubet, Maria Eugenia (1994), "From Trading Post to Town in the Phoenician-Punic World" (PDF), Proceedings of the British Academy, vol. 86, London: British Academy, pp. 47–65.
- Aubet, Maria Eugenia (2001), Turton, Mary (ed.), The Phoenicians and the West: Politics, Colonies and Trade, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0521795435.
- Bierling, Marilyn R.; et al. (2002), The Phoenicians in Spain: An Archaeological Review of the Eighth-Sixth Centuries BCE: A Collection of Articles Translated from Spanish, ISBN 1575060566.
- Miles, Richard (2011), Carthage Must Be Destroyed: The Rise and Fall of an Ancient Civilization, ISBN 978-0670022663.
- Neville, Ann (2007), Mountains of Silver & Rivers of Gold: The Phoenicians in Iberia, ISBN 978-1842171776.
- Padró i Parcerisa, Josep (1980), Egyptian-type Documents: From the Mediterranean Littoral of the Iberian Peninsula Before the Roman Conquest, ISBN 9004061339.