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Monastery of Mohill-Manchan

Summary

The monastery of Mohill-Manchan (Irish: mainistir an Maothail-Manachain) was anciently located at Mohill,[n 1] in county Leitrim. The earliest church was founded by Manchán of Mohill in the 6th century. Little is known about the former monastic community here. About the year 1216, the monastery became a religious house of the Canons Regular of Saint Augustine dedicated to the Saint Mary until suppression c. 1550 – c. 1590. The Priory of Mohill was briefly revived during Confederate Ireland rule but suppressed again by Cromwellian forces c. 1649–1653. From the ruins St. Mary's Church, Mohill, of Protestant denomination, was established in the 18th century.

Monastery of Mohill-Manchan
Monastery of Mohill-Manchan is located in Ireland
Monastery of Mohill-Manchan
Location within Ireland
Monastery information
Other namesSaint Mary's Priory of Maethail-Manchan
Established6th century
Disestablishedc. 1550 – c. 1590
Dedicated toSaint Manchan
DioceseDiocese of Ardagh
Controlled churchesMedieval Christian
People
Founder(s)Saint Manchan
Site
LocationCounty Leitrim
CountryIreland
Coordinates53°55′21″N 7°51′56″W / 53.92259°N 7.86557°W / 53.92259; -7.86557
Visible remainsschool-house ruins
round tower base.
Public accessNo

Monastery edit

The former monastic settlement of Mohill was one of a multitude of monasteries that sprang up during 6th century Ireland.[3][4][5][n 2] A Christian missionary named Manchan founded a church here between 500–38AD.[7][8][9] Whether or not Manchan died at Mohill is unknown, though his remains may have been preserved and enshrined here.[10][11]

Nothing is known of the monastic community at Mohill,[9] but it surely consisted of a church, school, mill, house of hospitality, Christian burial ground, monastic cells, "house of tears",[n 3] and a round tower.[8] The monastery was governed by the bishop, abbot, and a uniquely Irish "erenagh", power being exercised by one person, or perhaps combined in practical permutations.[13] It was strongly bound to the túath of Muintir Eolais, allowing the Bishop little influence; the lifestyle followed asceticism.[14]

The monastery of Mohill was of considerable extent stretching across the river to encompass the townlands of Mohill, Tullybradan, Lisdadanan, coolabaun, Cappagh, Gortfadda, Drumcroy and Drumkilla, an estate of c. 300 – c. 600acres.[9][15][16] A daughter church at Cloonmorris was founded c. 500–700AD.[17]

Priory edit

From the 13th century (c. 1216) following a reform movement of the Irish church, the monastery became the Priory of Saint Mary's of Mohill-Manchan. The priory belonged in the diocese of Ardagh, with Canons regular adhering to the Rule of St. Augustine.[n 4] The Priory of St. Mary's was headed by a prior, their office being valued at 20 "marks sterling" c. 1400 – c. 1401,[18][19] or "10–20 marks sterling" in the 15th century.[20][21] In 1418 the Priory of St. Mary's at Mohill was described as "conventual, with cure", and a dependency of the priory of Abbeyshrule in Ardagh diocese,[n 5] and sufficiently attractive for a canon from Clonmacnoise to enter its doors.[20] In 1475, the Priory of St. Mary's Mohill was described as "conventual", "elective", "with cure", whose value did not exceed c. "12 marks", and "not depending on any other monastery or place",[22] though a petition dated 1477 again alleged the dependency existed[23]

Personalities edit

It is impossible to fully catalogue the succession of holders of Abbots, Priors, and Canons at this ancient monastery. The information below is preserved.

Dates Name Office held Extracts from papal, and ecclesiastical sources
c. aft. 500 – c. 538 Manchán of Mohill Abbot, Saint
c. bef 1397 – c. bef. 1412 Murianus Mag Raghnaill Prior, Canon "18 Dec 1397: Murianus, Augustinian prior of Moalmacnichem".[24] and "1412: Murianus Magranyll".[25]
c. aft. 1397 – c. bef. 1400 (d.) John O'Chany Prior, Canon "John Ochany".[19]
c. aft. 1400 – c. bef. 1413 (d.) Gilbert O'Moran[21] Prior, Canon "13 Jan 1400, Gilbert Omora",[26] "Gillibert Omoran, canon of the Augustinian priory of St. Mary, Macchail Manchan in the diocese of Ardagh, afterwards prior, of Mohill".[19][18]
c. aft. 1413 – c. bef. 1418 Matthew O'Roddy * Canon "1413, canon of the Augustinian priory of St. Mary, Mayhel (Mayhil on f. 47), in the diocese of Ardagh, at present without a prior",[26]
c. 1418 – c. bef. 1433 Matthew O'Roddy Prior "8th July 1418, to collate and assign to .. Matthew (Orodachon), canon of Clonmacnoise , who has studied canon and civil law for more than ten years, after he has taken the habit and made his profession as above, the priory of St. Mary, Mucgail, O.S.A., in the diocese of Ardagh, .. void by the death of Gillibert Omoran".[20][27]
c. bef. 1433 – c. aft. 1433 Fergus Mac Ilroy Prior, Canon "1433, Latin: Dicta die (x. Junii) Fergallus Mackilruays [Mac Gillroy], principalis, obligavit se Camere super annata, prioratus monasterii Beate Marie de Mayhel ord. S. Aug. Ardakaden. dioc".[28]
c. 1458–1459 – c. aft. 1459 Robertus Magranayle Canon "1458–1459, Rectoria [vacans] certo modo".[29]
c. bef. 1473 – c. bef. 1475 Eogan Mag Raghnaill Prior, Canon "1475: death of Odo Magranayll",[22] and "Odo Magranayll (before which it had been reserved to the apostolic see) .. some allege .. Odo who, although he had detained it for several years, never had any right or title, at least canonical".[23][n 6]
c. aft. 1475 – c. bef. 1485 Maurice Mac Egan Prior, Canon "15 March 1477: Mandate to grant in commendam for life to Maurice Macandagan, prior of St. Mary's, Mathail, O.S.A., in the diocese of Ardagh the perpetual vicarage of Anachuduib",[30][n 7] and "1478: Latin: Die XV. eiusdem mensis (Aprilis) una bulla pro Mauricio Macaeidagan [Mac Egan] priore monasterii B. Marie de Ma[e]thaill [Mohill] ord. S. Aug., Ardakaden. dioc".[32]
c. bef. 1477 – c. 1486 (d.) Cormac Mag Raghnaill[n 8] Canon "1477: Cormac Macraynaill, ... canons of Ardagh",[30] and "1481: Cornelius Magranell, canonicus ecclesie Ardakaden.,.. pro annata monasterii B. M. de Granardo ord. Cist. Ardakaden. dioc, cuius fructus duodecim marchar. sterlingor ...".[31]
c. bef. 1486 – c. 1486 (d.) Farrell Mag Raghnaill[n 8] Prior, Canon "1486: Farrell Mag Raghnaill .. died".[33][34]
c. 1488 Eugene Mag Raghnaill Canon "1488: ..[Cal. papal letters, 1484–92, pp 12 (no. 17); 119 (no 830.]".
c. 1485 – c. aft. 1526 Donald Mag Raghnaill Prior, Canon "1485: Cornelius O'Farrell .. nomine dni. Donati Magranayll, clerici Ardahaden (sic) dioc, pro annata prioratus monasterii Beate Marie de Maythayl [Mohill] ord. S. Aug. Ardakaden. dioc, ... vacantis alias per privationem Mauritii Machaigayn [Mac Egan]", "[32]",[32] "12 April 1508: Maurus and Donald Magranayl, canons of Ardagh",[35] and in 1526 presiding at a metropolitan court in Termonfeckin: "Master Donald McGranyll of Ardagh".[36]
bef. 1508 Rory Mag Raghnaill Canon (sacristship and sacerdotia) "1508: ..[5 Cal. papal letters, 1503–13, pp 24–25 ".
c. bef. 1489 – c. aft. 1508 Maurus Mag Raghnaill[n 9] Canon "Die dicta 26 Martii, 1489, dictus Maurus Magranayll, canonicus monasterii B. Marie de Maythayl [Mohill] ord. S. Aug., Ardakaden. dioc, principaUs, obligavit se Camere Apostolice pro annata rectorie par. eoclesiarum loci de Monterolays [Muintir-Eolais] dicte dioc, cuius fructus".[32] Also, "1506–1507: The executors of Ofrigail's Bull (f. 140) were ... Manus Magraynyl [Magrannel alias Reynolds] canons of Ardagh.",[38] and "12 April 1508: Maurus and Donald Magranayl, canons of Ardagh".[35]
c. bef. 1541 – c. aft. 1541 Donald (and Terenacius) Mag Raghnaill Canon "May 29, 1540. Primate to the Prior of St. Mary of Moyalt, diocese of Ardagh ... [who is prior?].. May 1541 - Commission of the Primate to Donald and Terenacius Magranyll, canons of Ardagh, to confer the vicarage of the church of St. Fregus of Clone on Bernard Magranyl .. July 1541 - Primate commissions Donald Magranyll ... ".[39]
c. aft. 1552 – c. bef. 1590 ? Prior, Canon Suppressed between 1550–1590.[33]
21 Aug 1648 – c. 1652 Anthony Reynolds Prior, Canon "1648: Ardachadensis. Prioratus de Moyile ordinis canonicorum S. Augustini pro Antonio Reynald, presbytero dictae diocesis; fructis c. librarum".[40]
c. 1653 - - Destroyed by Cromwellian forces. Monastic ruins dismantled by Croftons.[15]

Annals edit

 
Monastery of Mohill-Manachan, former grounds

The Irish Annals refer to the priory of Mohill many times. For 1430AD the Annals of the Four Masters highlights an interesting privilege was the right of Mohill Priory to offer sanctuary to a fugitive fleeing from enemies.[9] The Annals also records a military invasion of Muintir Eolais in March 1590, when the local Túaths were defeated and Mohill Priory was forfeited to the English crown.

  • "AD 538: Manchán of Maethail fell".[41]
  • "1166: The shrine of Manchan, of Maethail, was covered by Ruaidhri Ua Conchobhair, and an embroidering of gold was carried over it by him, in as good a style as a relic was ever covered in Ireland".[33]
  • "1330: The coarb of (St) Caillin, Gilla-na-naev Mac Celie, died in the monastery of Maothail".[33]
  • "1430: Brian, the son of Tiernan Og O'Rourke, was slain by the sons of Melaghlin Mac Rannall, at Maethail-Mhanchain; and Donough Mac Tiernan was driven into the monastery of Maethail. Donough, however, came out of his own accord, for the sake of his people, on Mac Rannall's guarantee; and made peace between them; and an eric (compensation) was given to O'Rourke for the death of Brian".[33]
  • "1473: The son of Eogan Mag Ragnaill, prior of Mohill, rested.",[42]
  • "1486, The Prior of Maethail, Farrell, the son of Robert Mac Rannall, died".[33]
  • "1486: The prior of Maethal, namely, Ferghal, son of Raghnall, son of Robert, son of the Prior Mag Raghnaill, died this year on Easter Day".[34]
  • "1486: The Prior of Maethail, Farrell, the son of Robert Mac Rannall, died".[33]
  • "1590: An immense army was sent by the governor .. to Muinter-Eolais, in the beginning of March; and they captured ten hundred cows. And they were that night in Maethail; ... Pledges from the comarb of Fidhnacha, and pledges from the comarb of Druim-Oiriallaigh, and nine pledges from Muinter-Eolais, both church and territory, came with the Saxons on that occasion."[43]

First suppression, 1560-90 edit

 
Monastery of Mohill, ruins of the "old school house" under thick ivy.

From 1540 the English were forcefully suppressing Monasteries throughout Ireland,[33][n 10] and "the end of the sixteenth century [was] a bad time for priests and papists".[45] Some sources suggest the monastery was suppressed as late as 1621,[5][46] however Mohill was described as the "Queens's manor" consisting of 'about six quarters' in as 1583,[15] and in 1590 "an immense" english army occupied Mohill and routed the "Muintir Eolais" chieftains.[33][47][48]

The "late monastery of Moghill" was divided between Edward Barrett c. 1592, and Terence O'Byrne of Muintir Eolais c. 1594.[49][50][n 11] Barret's parcel subsequently passing to an englishman named John Crofton c. 1594,[15] who bequeathed same to his son Henry by a deed dated 2 June 1607.[52] On dissolution the Priory possessions were the townlands of Tullybradan, Coolabaun, Gortfadda, and Drumcroy, totaling c. 160 – c. 240acres, a church, two stone buildings, and the cemetery.[5][53]

"near the end of the sixteenth century. A bad time it was for priests and papists"

John O'Hart, Irish pedigrees, 1892, page 414.

Revival edit

Confederate Ireland rule was established c. 1642 – c. 1649, and during the Eleven Years' War the "Priory of Mohill" was re-established in some manner. Ecclesiastical documents record Canon Antony Mag Raghnaill, otherwise Reynolds, being appointed Prior of Maothail-Manchain on 21 August 1648.[40]

Final suppression, 1649–1653 edit

The Priory was suppressed again during devastating Cromwellian conquest of Ireland c. 1649 – c. 1653.

Heritage edit

Priory clergy were expelled and risked execution under the Penal Laws. In 1666 four Reynolds priests (James, Loghlin, Richard, Walter) are among "forty nine Catholics from hiding places in the woods" in county Roscommon, who signed a letter in support of the Pope and protesting the loss of their 'due liberties'.[54] And in 1713 an elderly Father Connor Reynolds "of Jamestown in the county of Leitrim" who had been exiled in Spain since 1681, was captured hiding in a trunk on a fishing boat arriving at Dungarvan port and imprisoned at Waterford gaol.[55]

Today nothing survives of the early ecclesiastical site here,[56] except for an inaccessible old school-house, and the base of a round tower located near the old persons home in the town. The remains of the abbey or sanctuary forms the south, and east, walls of the Hyde family vault in the graveyard of 'Saint Mary's church' later built on the Priory ruins.[5][8][10][15][28] The Croftons also built an old Castle at Rinn Lough from the ruins of Mohill Priory, as small free stones of the same class were evidenced in each.[15] There may be other undocumented ruins on the wider monastic site, though it's not classed as a national monument or heritage site.[57]

See also edit

Notes and references edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Mohill name variants historically include Irish: Maothail, Maethail, Middle English: Moithla, Moethla, Maethla, Moyghell, Moghill,[1] and Latin: Mathail, Nouella.[2]
  2. ^ Mohill was near the ancient border of the Kingdom of Meath and it is believed monasteries were all situated, roughly speaking, on the borders between provinces- "Of the boundary of Meath with the provinces here, ... and the Shannon to Loch-Bó-dearg, from that to Maothail, thence to Athluain [sic]".[6] Note that Athlone was not on the ancient border of the Kingdom of Meath, so "Athluain" presumably refers to "Ath-Cluain" or Cloone.
  3. ^ Connected to the ancient Irish monasteries, there was usually a penitential prison called Oeančeać, or "house of tears", where the penitent could voluntarily undergo penance.[12]
  4. ^ The "Canons regular of St. Augustine" differs from the Order of Saint Augustine (OSA) of today, though one could say that they are "ecclesiastical first cousins".
  5. ^ The Priory of Abbeyshrule was once referenced as the "monastery of St. Peter, Dearg" in papal registers.[21]
  6. ^ Odo must be the Eogan Mag Ragnaill mentioned in the Annals of Connacht.
  7. ^ Anachuduib refers to Annaduff in county Leitrim.[31]
  8. ^ a b The chronologies suggest Cormac and Farrell are identical..
  9. ^ We have Thady Reynolds supposedly from Leitrim (barony) not Mohill (barony) ("1528: Master Tadeus McGranyll, sitting in the name of the primate" at Ternmonfeckin metropolitan court,[37]) was consecrated Bishop of Kildare in 1641. Otherwise in 1556, there is a record of Dermot [Reynolds] son of the (unnamed) Prior of Mohill.
  10. ^ The Annals of the Four Masters records- "1540: The English, throughout every part of Ireland where they extended their power, were persecuting and banishing the Orders, and particularly they destroyed the monastery of Monaghan, and beheaded the guardian, and some of the friars".[33][44] This refers to the Franciscan Friary in county Monaghan and not the Augustinian Priory at Mohill in county Leitrim.
  11. ^ "1592: Grant to Edward Barrett of ... parcel of the possessions of the late religious house of Moghill in county Longford", which consisted of Lisdadanan, coolabaun, Tullybradan, Cappagh, Gortfadda, and Drumcroy.[51] Secondly in "1594: Grant to Terence, alias Tirlaughe O'Byrne, of ... the site and precinct of the late monastery of Moghill, with all its possessions, including the rectory".[50] Note - The O'Beirne's were a sept of 'Muintir Eolais'.

Citations edit

  1. ^ Catholic Record Society of Ireland 1912, p. 345.
  2. ^ Twemlow 1955d, pp. 1081–1145.
  3. ^ Haley 2002, p. 114.
  4. ^ Richter 2005, p. 49.
  5. ^ a b c d Slevin 1999–2003.
  6. ^ Keating 1902, p. 115.
  7. ^ John Cronin & Associates 2005, p. 11.
  8. ^ a b c Mohill Parish, Our Parish.
  9. ^ a b c d Whelan, Monastery at Mohill.
  10. ^ a b O'Hanlon 1875, p. 522.
  11. ^ Redknap 2001, p. 12.
  12. ^ Ireland 1843, p. 67.
  13. ^ Duffy 2005, p. 243.
  14. ^ Woods & Pelteret 2010, p. 80.
  15. ^ a b c d e f Crofton 1911, p. 318.
  16. ^ O'Hanlon 1875, pp. 522, 524.
  17. ^ MacNeill 1909, p. 135.
  18. ^ a b Costello, Coleman & Flood 1909, p. 174.
  19. ^ a b c Bliss & Twemlow 1904b, pp. 321–337.
  20. ^ a b c Bliss & Twemlow 1906, pp. 77–88.
  21. ^ a b c Twemlow 1909, pp. 456–467.
  22. ^ a b Twemlow 1955a, pp. 387–388.
  23. ^ a b Twemlow 1955b, pp. 605–609.
  24. ^ Bliss & Twemlow 1904a, pp. 103–107.
  25. ^ Bliss & Twemlow 1904c, pp. 366–370.
  26. ^ a b Bliss & Twemlow 1904d, pp. 387–397.
  27. ^ Costello, Coleman & Flood 1909, p. 178.
  28. ^ a b Costello, Coleman & Flood 1909, p. 160.
  29. ^ Twemlow 1933, pp. xx–xxxix.
  30. ^ a b Twemlow 1955c, pp. 621–622.
  31. ^ a b Costello, Coleman & Flood 1909, p. 166.
  32. ^ a b c d Costello, Coleman & Flood 1909, p. 165.
  33. ^ a b c d e f g h i j John O'Donovan 1856, p. M1486.2.
  34. ^ a b Balé & Purcell 2008, pp. 1486–1489.
  35. ^ a b Costello, Coleman & Flood 1909, p. 104.
  36. ^ Murray 1936, pp. 323, 343.
  37. ^ Murray 1936, p. 347.
  38. ^ Costello, Coleman & Flood 1909, p. 172.
  39. ^ Murray 1929, pp. 213–228.
  40. ^ a b Jennings 1959, p. 52.
  41. ^ Mac Niocaill 2010, p. T538.3.
  42. ^ Bambury 2008, p. 1473.47.
  43. ^ Hennessy 2008, p. LC1590.15.
  44. ^ O'Clery et al. 1846, p. 410.
  45. ^ O'Hart 1892, p. 414.
  46. ^ Monahan 1886, p. 380.
  47. ^ Hennessy 2008.
  48. ^ Hynes 1931, pp. 45–46.
  49. ^ Morrin 1862, p. 216.
  50. ^ a b Morrin 1862, p. 267.
  51. ^ Morrin 1862, p. 219.
  52. ^ Debretts 1824, p. 986.
  53. ^ M'Parlan 1802, p. 104.
  54. ^ Hanley 1961.
  55. ^ Burke 1914, p. 173.
  56. ^ John Cronin & Associates 2005, p. 33.
  57. ^ National Monuments Service 2009, p. 1.

Primary sources edit

  • Whelan, Michael. "Monastery at Mohill". Retrieved 1 October 2016.
  • Mohill Parish. "Mohill Parish" (Online ed.). Retrieved 1 October 2016.
  • Slevin, Tina (1999–2003). "A very basic history of Mohill and South Leitrim!". mohill.com.

Secondary sources edit

Annals edit

  • Bambury, Pádraig (2008). "Annála Connacht" (Electronic edition compiled by the CELT Team (2001)(2008) ed.). CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts: a project of University College Cork College Road, Cork, Ireland. p. 1473.47.
  • Balé, Marcos; Purcell, Emer (2008). "The Annals of Ulster" (Electronic edition compiled by the CELT Team (2003)(2010), 2nd draft ed.). CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts: a project of University College Cork College Road, Cork, Ireland. pp. U1486.9.
  • Hennessy, William M. (2008). "Annals of Lough Ce" (Electronic edition compiled by the CELT Team (2002)(2008) ed.). CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts: a project of University College Cork College Road, Cork, Ireland. pp. LC1137.10.
  • Mac Niocaill, Gearóid (2010). The Annals of Tigernach. CELT online at University College, Cork, Ireland.: Dublin : Printed for the Irish Archaeological and Celtic Society by A. Thom. p. 1. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
  • O'Clery, Michael; et al. (1846). The Annals of the Four Masters. Translated by Owen Connellan. Dublin: Bryan Geraghty.
  • John O'Donovan, ed. (1856). Annála Rioghachta Éireann. Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland by the Four Masters... with a Translation and Copious Notes. 7 vols. Translated by O'Donovan (2nd ed.). Dublin: Royal Irish Academy. CELT editions. Full scans at Internet Archive: Vol. 1; Vol. 2; Vol. 3; Vol. 4; Vol. 5; Vol. 6; Indices.

Ecclesiastical sources edit

  • Bliss; Twemlow (1904a). "Calendar of Papal Registers Relating To Great Britain and Ireland" (Lateran Regesta 55: 1397–1398 ed.). His Majesty's Stationery Office. pp. 103–107. Retrieved 5 October 2016.
  • Bliss; Twemlow (1904b). "Calendar of Papal Registers Relating To Great Britain and Ireland" (Lateran Regesta 81: 1399–1401 ed.). His Majesty's Stationery Office. pp. 321–337. Retrieved 5 October 2016.
  • Bliss; Twemlow (1904c). "Calendar of Papal Registers Relating To Great Britain and Ireland" (Lateran Regesta 163: 1412–1413 ed.). His Majesty's Stationery Office. pp. 366–370. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  • Bliss; Twemlow (1904d). "Calendar of Papal Registers Relating To Great Britain and Ireland" (Lateran Regesta 166: 1412–1413 ed.). His Majesty's Stationery Office. pp. 387–397. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  • Bliss; Twemlow (1906). "Calendar of Papal Registers Relating To Great Britain and Ireland" (Lateran Regesta 166: 1417–1418 ed.). His Majesty's stationery Office. pp. 77–88. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
  • Burke, William P (1914). The Irish priests in the penal times (1660–1760) [microform] : from the state papers in H. M. Record Offices, Dublin and London, the Bodleian Library, and the British Museum (PDF). [S.l. : s.n.]
  • Catholic Record Society of Ireland (1912). Archivium hibernicum; or, Irish historical records (PDF). Vol. I. Shannon : Irish University Press for the Catholic Record Society of Ireland.
  • Costello, Michael A.; Coleman, Ambrose; Flood, William Henry Grattan (1909). De annatis Hiberniæ : a calendar of the first fruits' fees levied on papal appointments to benefices in Ireland A.D. 1400 to 1535 extracted from the Vatican and other roman archives with copious topographical notes together with summaries of papal rescripts relating to benefices in Ireland and biographical notes of the bishops of Irish sees during the same period (PDF). pp. 160, 165. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
  • Jennings, Brendan (1959). "Ecclesiastical Appointments in Ireland, Aug. 1643 – Dec. 1649". Collectanea Hibernica. Collectanea Hibernica No. 2 (2). Franciscan Province of Ireland: 18–65. JSTOR 30004525.
  • Monahan, John (1886). Records relating to the dioceses of Ardagh and Clonmacnoise (PDF) (Forgotten Books, copyright 2016 FB&c Ltd. ed.). Dublin: M. H. Gill and Son, O'Connell Street. pp. 353, 380.
  • Murray, L. P. (1936). "Archbishop Cromer's Register. (Continued)". Journal of the County Louth Archaeological Society. 8 (4). County Louth Archaeological and History Society: 322–351. doi:10.2307/27728434. JSTOR 27728434.
  • Twemlow, J A (1909). Calendar of Papal Registers Relating To Great Britain and Ireland. Vol. 8, 1427–1447 (Lateran Regesta 319: 1431–1433 ed.). His Majesty's stationery Office. pp. 456–467. Retrieved 5 October 2016.
  • Twemlow, J A (1933). "Rubricelle of Lost Registers". Calendar of Papal Registers Relating To Great Britain and Ireland. Vol. 12, 1458–1471. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office. pp. xx–xxxix – via British History Online.
  • Twemlow, J A (1955a). Calendar of Papal Registers Relating To Great Britain and Ireland. Vol. 13, 1471–1484 (Lateran Regesta 741: 1475 ed.). His Majesty's stationery Office. pp. 387–388. Retrieved 5 October 2016.
  • Twemlow, J A (1955b). Calendar of Papal Registers Relating To Great Britain and Ireland. Vol. 13, 1471–1484 (Lateran Regesta 783: 1478 ed.). His Majesty's stationery Office. pp. 605–609. Retrieved 5 October 2016.
  • Twemlow, J A (1955c). Calendar of Papal Registers Relating To Great Britain and Ireland. Vol. 13, 1471–1484 (Lateran Regesta 787: 1478 ed.). His Majesty's stationery Office. pp. 621–622. Retrieved 5 October 2016.
  • Twemlow, J A (1955d). "Index of Persons and Places: M, N, O". Calendar of Papal Registers Relating To Great Britain and Ireland. Vol. 13, 1471–1484. London: His Majesty's stationery Office. pp. 1081–1145. Retrieved 12 November 2016 – via British History Online.

Miscellaneous sources edit

  • John Cronin & Associates (2005). Archaeological & Built Heritage Assessment (PDF) (Report). Vol. Waterways Corridor Study: The Upper Shannon Navigation – Boyle River Navigation to Roosky including Lough Allen, Lough Key and the Carnadoe Waters. Colin Buchanan & Partners. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 April 2016. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
  • Crofton, Henry Thomas (1911). Crofton memoirs, an account of John Crofton, of Ballymurry, Co. Roscommon: Queen Elizabeth's escheator-general of Ireland, and of his ancestors and descendants, and others bearing the name (from Public and Private Records ed.). Yorkshire printing company.
  • Duffy, Seán, ed. (2005). Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia. Vol. Routledge Encyclopedias of the Middle Ages. Routledge. ISBN 1135948240.
  • Debretts (1824). Debrett's baronetage, knightage, and companionage (PDF). Vol. 2 (5 ed.). London, Odhams Press. p. 986.
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Further reading edit

  • Harbison, Peter (2001). Colum Hourihane (ed.). From Ireland Coming: Irish Art from the Early Christian to the Late Gothic Period and Its European Context. Vol. 4 of Index of Christian Art occasional papers (illustrated ed.). Department of Art and Archaeology, Princeton University Press. ISBN 069108825X.
  • MacNamee, James Joseph (1954). History of the Diocese of Ardagh. Dublin: Browne and Nolan.

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