Template:Sfn Knowpia

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This template is used on approximately 164,000 pages.
To avoid major disruption and server load, any changes should be tested in the template's /sandbox or /testcases subpages, or in your own user subpage. The tested changes can be added to this page in a single edit. Consider discussing changes on the talk page before implementing them.

Redirect

{{sfnnb}}

This template uses Lua:

The shortened footnote template {{sfn}} creates a short author–date citation in a footnote, with a one-directional link to the first matching citation template on the same page. It will combine identical footnotes automatically.

{{sfn}} is designed to be used to create shortened footnotes, a citation style which pairs a short, author-date citation in a footnote with a complete citation in the references section at the end of the article (see example below). This citation style is used to reduce clutter in the edit window and to combine multiple citations to the same source.

Common problems and known workarounds are given in the section possible issues section below.

There are several other templates that are designed for use with shortened footnotes. They differ slightly in the way they format the author-date citation and how much of their functionality is automated. A full list of these related templates is below.

Note that the use (or even non-use) of these templates is an element of citation "style", and adding or removing them in articles with an established style should be consistent with that style. See WP:CITEVAR.

Usage edit

sfn generates an "author-date" style short-cite from the following parameters:

{{sfn | <last1*> | <last2> | <last3> | <last4> | <year*> | p= <page> | loc= <location> }}

with

<last1> – required; surname of first author or corporate author
<last2>–<last4> – positional parameters; surnames of next three authors; required if available in the full citation
<year> – required; four-digit year; may have a lowercase disambiguation letter, like 2012a
|p= – specific page referenced in the source (alias: |page= )
|pp= – comma-separated list of individual pages and / or range(s) of pages referenced in the source (alias: |pages= )
|loc= – in-source location when |p= and |pp= are inappropriate; may be used to supplement |p= and |pp=; information such as a section or figure number.

Typical usage is shown in the example below. The text and the footnote are connected by a bi-directional link – clicking on the superscript takes the reader to the footnote, clicking on the footnote number takes them back to the superscript. The clicking on the short citation takes them to the full citation in the references section.

Template sfn is not placed inside <ref>...</ref> tags and generates the footnote internally. (To place sfn in a footnote, see putting a citation inside a footnote, below.)

Markup

Renders as

Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}
More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=25}}
Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=26}}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book
 | last = Smith | first = John
 | date = 2020
 | title = Smith's Book
}}

Article text.^[1] More article text.^[1] Still more article text.^[2]

Notes

^ ^a ^b Smith 2020, p. 25.
^ Smith 2020, p. 26.

References

Smith, John (2020). Smith's Book.

Parameters edit

Author(s) and year edit

The first four author surnames (or all authors if fewer than four; use the values from |lastN= or |authorN= ) are required, followed by the year of publication (from |year= or |date=). Authors past the fourth must be omitted or an error will result.

The possible issues section below describes workarounds for various common problems, such as large number of authors, no author name, multiple works in the same year, multiple authors with same last name and others.

Markup	Renders as
Article text.{{sfn\|Smith\|2020\|p=25}}	Article text.^[1] ^ Smith 2020, p. 25.
Article text.{{sfn\|Smith\|Jones\|2020\|p=25}}	Article text.^[1] ^ Smith & Jones 2020, p. 25.
Article text.{{sfn\|Smith\|Jones\|Brown\|2020\|p=25}}	Article text.^[1] ^ Smith, Jones & Brown 2020, p. 25.
Article text.{{sfn\|Smith\|Jones\|Brown\|Black\|2020\|p=25}}	Article text.^[1] ^ Smith et al. 2020, p. 25.

Location in the source text edit

Markup	Renders as
Article text.{{sfn\|Smith\|2020\|p=25}}	Article text.^[1] ^ Smith 2020, p. 25.
Article text.{{sfn\|Smith\|2020\|loc=chpt. 3}}	Article text.^[1] ^ Smith 2020, chpt. 3.
{{sfn\|Smith\|2020\|loc=section 7}}	Article text.^[1] ^ Smith 2020, section 7.

Additional text edit

The optional parameter |postscript= or |ps= can be used to change the text which appears at the end of the note in the reference list. (See § Adding additional comments or quotes and § No closing period, below.) The postscript is only effective the first time {{sfn}} is used for a particular author, year and location. Hard-coded link names edit

Not available in {{sfn}} and similar templates. The optional parameter |ref= is used to create an unusually named link from the short citation to the full citation. This parameter is usually not necessary, and it is more common to use {{sfnRef}} or {{harvid}} in the reference section. If you specify |ref=none, no hyperlink is created. However, if one does not want the link, it is always possible to simply use plain text instead of the template. The parameter |Ref= is an alias for |ref=.


Possible issues

    
edit







Adding additional comments or quotes

    
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The templates {{harvnb}} or {{harvtxt}} can be used to add quotes or additional comments into the footnote. Examples are below.




Markup
Renders as 


Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref>
== Notes ==
{{reflist}}



Some information.^[1]

Notes


^ Smith 2011, p. 2: "A quote verifying the information."


 


"A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref>
== Notes ==
{{reflist}}



"A quote in a secondary source."^[1]

Notes


^ Smith (2011, p. 2) quoted in Jones (2010, p. 343)









Nota bene: In the past, the use of |ps= has been advised to hold this additional information, but it is not suitable for this purpose. Two or more {{sfn}} templates with the same authors, same year, and same page, but different |ps= will result in a Cite error: The named reference ... was defined multiple times with different content message. This message happens because the reference names that {{sfn}} creates will be the same, but the content between the <ref name="FOOTNOTE..."> tag and the </ref> tag will be different. A workaround is to convert one or some of the {{sfn}} templates to {{harvnb}} wrapped in <ref>...</ref> tags.

Adding a URL for the page or location

    
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If a specific link to the page or section is available, a URL can be added to the location or page number.




Markup
Renders as 


{{harv|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org chpt. 3]}}


(Smith 2011, chpt. 3)

 


{{harv|Smith|2011|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org &sect;7]}}


(Smith 2011, §7)

 


Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2011 | title = Smith's
other book }}



Article text.^[1]

Notes

^ Smith 2011, p. 3.


References
Smith (2011). Smith's other book.







A citation inside an explanatory footnote

    
edit





Sometimes an explanatory footnote requires a citation. Templates like {{sfn}} can't be directly imbedded between <ref>...</ref> tags, because the following message will be produced: Cite error references missing group.
The templates {{efn}} and {{notelist}} can be used to create separate explanatory footnotes from short citations, as shown in the first example. An article that uses this technique extensively is Chinese Room.
It is also possible to use the magic word {{#tag:ref|...}} and the {{sfn}} template will work correctly inside the footnote, as shown in the second example.




Markup
Renders as 


Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==Citations==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book
| last = Smith
| date = 2018
| title = Smith's other book }}



Interesting fact.^[a]

Notes


^ Clarification of interesting fact.^[1]


Citations


^ Smith 2018.


References
Smith (2018). Smith's other book.
 


Interesting fact.{{#tag:ref|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2017}}}}

==Citations==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book
| last = Smith
| date = 2017
| title = Smith's other book }}



Interesting fact.^[2]

Notes


^ Smith 2017.

^ Clarification of interesting fact.^[1]


References
Smith (2017). Smith's other book.







Multiple lists of inline citations

    
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Sometimes there is a need to create two or more separate lists of inline footnotes. For example some family trees are contained in templates, they are transluded into several biographies, and they have their own self contained citations (see Template:Houston family tree and the article Margaret Lea Houston).
To facilitate this, while the main page uses the standard 1,2,3 footnote counting, it is common for family trees to use the efn template with a group parameter set—for example {{efn-lg}} (lower-greek). The efn templates are text templates, to link some or all of the content of the efn template to a long citation template such as {{cite book}} place {{harvnb}} or {{harv}} within the efn template.




Markup
Renders as 


...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2018|p=1}}</ref>

==Family Tree==
He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }}

===FT notes===
{{notelist-lg}}

===FT references===
*{{citation
|last=Latham
|first=Dwight
|date=1947
|title=The Adams family}}

==See also==
[[Ipso facto]]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2018|p=2}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{citation
|last=Smith
|date=2018
|title=Smith's other book}}



...by the fact itself.^[1]

Family Tree
He's his own grandpa.^[α]

FT notes


^ Latham 1947, p. 9


FT references
Latham, Dwight (1947), The Adams family



See also
Ipso facto^[2]

Notes


^ Smith 2018, p. 1

^ Smith 2018, p. 2


References
Smith (2018), Smith's other book







More than one work in a year

    
edit





Where there is a need to cite more than one work by the same author published in the same year, the standard way to disambiguate such works is to add a letter suffix after the year element of the {{sfn}} template (e.g. {{sfn|Smith|2006a}} and {{sfn|Smith|2006b}}). Make sure to add the disambiguation letter to the matching full citation, (e.g. {{cite book|...|last=Smith|date=2006b}}).

Templates that use Module:Citation/CS1

    
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When {{sfn}} is used with {{citation}} or Citation Style 1 templates, a year-suffix letter may be added to |date= for all accepted date formats except year-initial numeric (YYYY-MM-DD). It is not necessary to include both |date= and |year= (see exception below). If both are included, |year= is used for the CITEREF anchor to be compliant with legacy citations.

|date=2013a: simple year only dates
|date=Jan 2013b or |date=Winter 2013b: month or season and year dates
|date=9 November 2013b or |date=November 9, 2013b: full dates
|date=June–July 2013c or |date=Winter–Spring 2013c: month or season ranges and year dates
|date=c. 2013d: circa year dates
|date=2024–2025e or |date=Summer 2024–25e: year ranges
|date=n.d.f: no date (n.d.)
|date=2013g-11-09: not supported, the template must use |year=2013g. If month and day should be part of the citation as well, both parameters need to be given: |date=2013-11-09 |year=2013x. In this case, |date= is used for citation display and metadata purposes, and |year= for link disambiguation.



Markup
Renders as 


Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}}
More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite journal
|last=Smith
|first=Karen
|date=January 1993a
|title=Smith's first paper
|journal=Important Journal
}}
* {{cite journal
|last=Smith
|first=Karen
|date=Spring–Summer 1993b
|title=Smith's second paper
|journal=Another Important Journal
}}


Article text.^[1]
More text.^[2]

Notes

^ Smith 1993a, p. 25.

^ Smith 1993b, p. 32.


References
Smith, Karen (January 1993a). "Smith's first paper". Important Journal.
Smith, Karen (Spring–Summer 1993b). "Smith's second paper". Another Important Journal.







More than one author with the same last name

    
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The above solution to add a letter suffix after the year element also works for multiple authors with the same last name. For example, both Richard Bushman and Claudia Lauper Bushman published books in 2006. To differentiate between the two books, the first one can be given the year "2006a" and the second one "2006b".

Large number of authors

    
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If there are more than four authors, the first four authors' surnames (the value in |last= or |author=) are required by the template. Listing more authors is not supported. It is also possible to use the |ref={{harvid}} in the citation template, which allows a more concise citation in the article text.




Markup
Renders as 


Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite journal
| last = Smith
| last2 = Jones
| last3 = Brown
| last4 = Black
| last5 = Davis
| last6 = Martinez
| last7 = Hsu
| date = 1994
| title = Scientific paper written by
many scientists
| journal = Important Journal
}}


Article text.^[1]

Notes

^ (Smith et al. 1994, p. 25)


References
Smith; Jones; Brown; Black; Davis; Martinez; Hsu (1994). "Scientific paper written by many scientists". Important Journal.
 


Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite journal
| last = Smith
| last2 = Jones
| last3 = Brown
| last4 = Black
| last5 = Davis
| last6 = Martinez
| last7 = Hsu
| date = 1995
| title = Another paper by many scientists
| journal = Important Journal
| ref = {{harvid|Smith et al.|1995}}
}}


Article text.^[1]

Notes

^ (Smith et al. 1995, p. 25)


References
Smith; Jones; Brown; Black; Davis; Martinez; Hsu (1995). "Another paper by many scientists". Important Journal.







No author name in citation template

    
edit





Some sources do not have a single author with a last name, such as a magazine article or a report from a government institution. There is no consensus (in Wikipedia or among citation styles) about how to format author–date citations for works that do not have a specific author. Several choices are:

For a newspaper or periodical, you may use the name of the paper and the date.
For a publication by an institution, use either:
The initials of the institution
The name of the institution
Alternatively, some style guides recommend using the title of the article.
Other style guides recommend using "Anonymous" or "Anon."
An article should adopt one of these styles consistently. Using |ref={{harvid}} in the citation template can handle these cases.




Markup
Renders as 


Article text.{{sfn|BGI|1996|p=429}}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book
| title = Important Book
| date = 1996
| publisher = Big Government Institution
| ref = {{harvid|BGI|1996}}
}}



Article text.^[1]

Notes

^ BGI 1996, p. 429.


References
Important Book. Big Government Institution. 1996.
 


Article text.{{sfn |''Popular Magazine''|1996|p=29}}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite magazine
| magazine = Popular Magazine
| title = An Article by an Anonymous Author
| date = 1996
| ref = {{harvid|Popular Magazine|1996}}
}}



Article text.^[1]

Notes

^ Popular Magazine 1996, p. 29.


References
"An Article by an Anonymous Author". Popular Magazine. 1996.







Citation has |date= and no |year=

    
edit





Either the |date= or |year= of a citation template can be matched—the template logic can extract the year from a full date. If the date parameter is not a full date, then the extraction will fail. If the link does not seem to work, it also possible to set both |date= and |year= parameters. The template will display the date and use the year for the anchor. These two examples show a year being successfully extracted from full date.




Markup
Renders as 


Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite journal
| last = Smith | first = Karen
| date = 11 May 1997
| title = Smith's 1997 paper
| journal= Important Journal
}}


Article text.^[1]

Notes

^ Smith 1997, p. 101.


References
Smith, Karen (11 May 1997). "Smith's 1997 paper". Important Journal.
 


Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite journal
| last = Smith | first = Karen
| date = May 1998
| title = Smith's 1998 paper
| journal= Important Journal
}}


Article text.^[1]

Notes

^ Smith 1998, p. 101.


References
Smith, Karen (May 1998). "Smith's 1998 paper". Important Journal.







Using sfn with {{cite comic}}

    
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The {{cite comic}} template uses the parameter |ref= to create an anchor for the Harvard citation templates. This can be set with {{sfnRef}}, {{harvid}}, or using CITEREF directly with a concatenation of #CITEREF plus the parameters passed to the Harvard citation template.




Markup
Renders as 


Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite comic
 |writer=Morrison, Grant
 |artist=Yeowell, Steve
 |title=2000 AD
 |date=August 15, 1987
 |publisher=[[Fleetway]]
 |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}}
}}


Article text.^[1]

Notes

^ Morrison 1987.


References
Morrison, Grant (w), Yeowell, Steve (a).  2000 AD (August 15, 1987). Fleetway.







Using sfn with {{vcite}}

    
edit





The Citation Style Vancouver family of templates use parameter |harvid= to create an anchor for the Harvard citation templates. This must be set to a concatenation of the parameters passed to the Harvard citation template.




Markup
Renders as 


Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1999|p=101}}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{vcite book
| author = Smith K
| date = 1999
| title = Smith's 1999 Book
| harvid = Smith1999
}}


Article text.^[1]

Notes

^ Smith 1999, p. 101.


References
Smith K. Smith's 1999 Book. 1999.







Citation format does not support anchors: {{wikicite}}

    
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In a few very rare cases, it may be impossible for the citation templates to create an anchor. Either (1) the citation is formatted with a template that does not support the |ref= parameter or (2) the source can't be described using our citation templates at all. In these cases, it is possible to use {{wikicite}} to make the anchor. (As of November 2010, there are only approximately 100 articles that require this technique.) It is also possible that (3) local editors would prefer not to use citation templates. In this case, it is important to discuss what the local editors would like to do about the bad links. It is always possible to simply remove {{harv}} or {{sfn}}, leaving plain text without links.




Markup
Renders as 


Article text.{{sfn |Big Government Agency|1999}}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{wikicite
 | reference = {{cite report
 | title=Important Government Report
 | publisher=Big Government Agency
 | date=1999
 }}
 | ref = {{harvid|Big Government Agency|1999}}
}}



Article text.^[1]

Notes

^ Big Government Agency 1999.


References
Important Government Report (Report). Big Government Agency. 1999.
 


Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{wikicite
| reference = A source that can't be described
using our citation templates at all.
| ref = {{harvid|A particularly unusual citation}}
}}



Article text.^[1]

Notes

^ A particularly unusual citation.


References
A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all.







It is also possible to use <cite> to achieve the same effect, but this may not be compatible with HTML 5.



No closing period: |ps=none

    
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Using |ps=none in {{sfn}} removes the final period. Compare the two examples. Suppressing the default period (full stop) ensures consistency with Citation style 2, as produced by {{Citation}}, which does not use a trailing period (full stop) when rendering full citations. The postscript is only effective the first time {{sfn}} is used for a particular author, year, and location. An empty |ps= will also suppress terminal punctuation, but |ps=none is recommended in order to make it clear that an editor intended there to be no terminal punctuation. 




Markup
Renders as 


Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|ps=none}}
== Notes ==
{{reflist}}



Article text.^[1]

Notes


^ Smith 2011


 


Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011}}
== Notes ==
{{reflist}}



Article text.^[1]

Notes


^ Smith 2011.









Wikilink to citation does not work

    
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If an article is using this template, and nothing happens when you click on the highlighted wikilink from a Harvard style citation to a full citation at the bottom of the page, there are several possible solutions. If:

The correct citation does not appear at the bottom of the article. Solution: Find the source (it may be copied from an article on a similar subject), and check that it verifies the text. If the source can't be found, tag the citation with {{citation not found}}.
The correct citation appears at the bottom of the article, and
The Harvard citation uses a template (such as {{sfn}} or {{harv}}):
The citation uses a template from the list at Citation Style 1:
The name is spelled or capitalized differently here than in the citation. Solution: check the source for the correct spelling, and use the same spelling, spacing, and capitalization in both the short and full citations.
The year is different here than the citation. Solution: check the source for the correct year, and use the same year in both the short and full citations.
The template has a |date= field and no |year= field, but the format of the |date= field is unusual. Solution: Try to fix the date. If the link still does not work, add |year= to the citation template. (It's okay if it has both.)
The citation does not have an author's, or an editor's, last name (authors take precedence over editors). Solution: check that |ref={{harvid}} is set correctly (see below).
The citation uses a Citation Style Vancouver template. Solution: check that |harvid= is set correctly (see below).
The citation uses a template that does not support |ref= (See Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors). Solution: Consider modifying the template to support |ref=. Alternatively, an anchor can be created using {{wikicite|id={{harvid|args}}|reference={{citation}}}}.
The full citation does not use a template:
It has no wikicode to create an anchor. Solution: If {{cite *}} citation templates are used liberally throughout the article, then reformat the full citation with the appropriate {{cite *}} template (and set the |ref= appropriately, if necessary). Otherwise consult with local editors on the talk page about how to proceed. Either add {{cite *}} templates and {{harv}} templates, or remove all templates, depending on what local editors prefer. A few articles use {{wikicite}} to create an anchor as an alternative to standard templates.
It uses a <cite>...</cite> span to create an anchor. Solution: remove the cite span (these are deprecated) and proceed following the recommendation immediately above.
It uses {{wikicite}}. Solution: Check that the text in |id={{harvid}} matches the text in {{wikicite}}.
If the Harvard citation uses a handwritten wikilink, such as [[#Reference-Smith2006|Smith (2006)]]:
The citation uses a citation template which supports |ref= (See Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors). Solution: Check that |ref= is set to a matching id.
Otherwise, check that the reference has {{wikicite|ref=id|reference=citation}} with a matching id.
Templates that have broken wikilinks using these templates are added to the category Category:All articles with broken links to citations.

Link works but displays a no target error

    
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When a short-cite template links to a full citation that is rendered by a template that wraps a CS1 template, like {{cite DNB}} (which wraps {{cite encyclopedia}}), a no target error may be displayed even when the short-cite template is valid and the link works. That is a "false positive" error. The error message can be suppressed by adding |ignore-err=yes to the template, or by adding the template {{Sfn whitelist}} with the anchor ID(s) to the article. If you are testing changes in Special:ExpandTemplates and the error message cannot be suppressed, try testing in a sandbox or user subpage instead.

Sfn embedded in list-defined ref does not work

    
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If you embed an Sfn template in a list-defined reference, you may get a false-positive "missing key" error which looks like this:

A list-defined reference named ". . ." is not used in the content (see the help page).

This is a false-positive: list-defined references do not work correctly when references are nested. It is due to a long-standing bug in mediawiki software (see phab:T22707). 
A workaround is possible using {{sfnlink}}.
Additional bugs associated with embedding footnotes in list-defined references are known. One of them is that the reference name given in the error message will identify the wrong list-defined reference in the first false-positive error message on the page; this is tracked in T26600.

Other author–date citation templates

    
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There are several templates used to create short citations; they differ in the use and placement of parentheses, in the separator before the page or location, and in whether a terminal full stop (period) is present:


In-text templates


Templates
Aliases
Example


{{Harvard citation no brackets}}
{{harvnb}}
Smith 2006, p. 25


{{Harvard citation}}
{{harv}}
(Smith 2006, p. 25)


{{Harvard citation text}}
{{harvtxt}}
Smith (2006, p. 25)


{{Harvcoltxt}}

Smith (2006:25)


{{Harvcol}}

(Smith 2006:25)


{{Harvcolnb}}

Smith 2006:25


{{Harvard citations}}
{{harvs}}
John Smith (2006, 2007) (and many other forms).


{{Harvp}}

Smith (2006), p. 25


{{Harvc}}
{{Citec}}
(Cite several contributions/chapters in a larger work)
Article text.^[1] More article text.^[2] Even more article text.^[3]
References



^ Stout & Johnson 1957.

^ Wadleigh 1957.

^ Stefferud 1957


Sources

Stefferud, Alfred, ed. (1957). Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957. United States Department of Agriculture. OCLC 704186906.
Stefferud, A. Preface. In Stefferud (1957).
Stout, P. R.; Johnson, C. M. "Trace Elements". In Stefferud (1957).
Wadleigh, C. H. "Growth of Plants". In Stefferud (1957).


{{Shortened footnote template}}
{{sfn}}
Article text.^[1] 
 

^ Smith 2006, p. 25.




{{Sfnp}}

Article text.^[1] 
 

^ Smith (2006), p. 25.




{{Sfnm}}

Article text.^[1] 
 

^ Smith, Jones & Brown 2005, p. 15; Smith 2006, p. 50.




{{Sfnmp}}

Article text.^[1] 
 

^ Smith, Jones & Brown (2005), p. 15; Smith (2006), p. 50.



Full citations can be created manually or by templates:

Citation Style 1 templates
{{citation}}
All of these templates have the same parameters and basic functionality. This page describes all of them except the parameters of {{sfnm}} and {{harvs}}; please see their documentation pages. Editors editing one of these templates are requested to make parallel changes to the other versions.

Applications of these templates

    
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Shortened footnote: {{sfn}} or {{harvnb}}

    
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Template {{harvnb}} inside a <ref> span can be used to create a shortened footnote that is linked to the full citation at the bottom of the article. Template {{sfn}} (without the use of <ref>) has the same effect, automatically adds a period (full stop) after the page number, and combines identical footnotes automatically.




Markup
Renders as 


Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2007|p=25}}
More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2007|p=25}}
Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2007|p=26}}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book
 | last = Smith | first = John
 | date = 2007
 | title = Smith's Book
}}



Article text.^[1]
More article text.^[1]
Still more article text.^[2]

Notes

^ ^a ^b Smith 2007, p. 25.

^ Smith 2007, p. 26.


References
Smith, John (2007). Smith's Book.
 


Article text.<ref name=Smith2008p25>{{harvnb|Smith|2008|p=25}}.</ref>
More article text.<ref name=Smith2008p25/>
Still more article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2008|p=26}}.</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book
 | last = Smith | first = John
 | date = 2008
 | title = Smith's Book
}}



Article text.^[1]
More article text.^[1]
Still more article text.^[2]



Notes

^ ^a ^b Smith 2008, p. 25.

^ Smith 2008, p. 26.


References
Smith, John (2008). Smith's Book.







In text attribution: {{harvtxt}}

    
edit






Template {{harvtxt}} can be used to link an in-text attribution to the full citation at the bottom of the page.




Markup
Renders as 


According to {{harvtxt|Smith|2009|p=25}} ...

==References==
* {{citation
 | last = Smith | first = John
 | date = 2009
 | title = Smith's Book
}}



According to Smith (2009, p. 25) ...

References
Smith, John (2009), Smith's Book







Bundled citation: {{harvnb}} or {{sfnm}}

    
edit






Template {{harvnb}} can be used to bundle citations. {{sfnm}} also produces bundled citations.




Markup
Renders as 


Article text ({{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}).



Article text (Smith 2010, p. 25; Jones 2010).

 


Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref>



Article text.^[1]

Notes

^ Smith 2010, p. 25; Jones 2010


 


Article text.{{sfnm|la1=Smith|y1=2010|p1=25|la2=Jones|y2=2010}}



Article text.^[1]

Notes

^ Smith 2010, p. 25; Jones 2010


 


==References==
* {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John ... Smith's book}}
* {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary ... Jones' book}}



References
Smith, John (2010). Smith's book.
Jones, Mary (2010). Jones' book.







Note that {{sfn}} is inappropriate for bundled citations; use {{harvnb}} or {{sfnm}}.

Harvard citation: {{harv}}

    
edit





Template {{harv}} creates a parenthetical reference with a link to the full citation. It should only be used within footnotes or on internal pages. Use of inline parenthetical referencing within the body text of articles has been deprecated by the Wikipedia community since 2022. This usage has not been deprecated within internal pages such as Wikipedia documentation, user pages, or wikiprojects, though there is rarely a practical use for it instead of just using normal citation footnotes.




Markup
Renders as 


Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|2006|p=25}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book
 | last = Smith | first = John
 | title = Smith's book
 | date = 2006
}}


Article text.^[1]

Notes


^ (Smith 2006, p. 25)


References
Smith, John (2006). Smith's book.







More exotic Harvard citations: {{harvid}} or {{harvs}}

    
edit






More exotic Harvard citations can be constructed using the {{harvs}} template, such as multiple papers by the same author, using both the first and last names, links to articles about the author, and others. Any kind of unusual link can also be constructed using the idiom [[#{{harvid|parameters}}|link name]]. ({{citeref}} is a wrapper for {{harvid}} making it easier to consistently create such internal links in small superscript^[n] or plain-text label styles.)




Markup
Renders as 


The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt|first=F. J.|last=Murray|author1-link=F. J. Murray|first2=J.|last2=von Neumann|author2-link=John von Neumann|year=1936|year2=1937|year3=1943}}.



The theory was developed by F. J. Murray and J. von Neumann (1936, 1937, 1943).

 


The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{harvid|Murray|von Neumann|1936}}|1936]],[[#{{harvid|Murray|von Neumann|1937}}|1937]],[[#{{harvid|Murray|von Neumann|1943}}|1943]]).



The theory was developed by F. J. Murray and J. von Neumann (1936, 1937, 1943).

 


== References ==
* {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1936 | ...}}
* {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1937 | ...}}
* {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1943 | ...}}



References
Murray, F. J.; von Neumann, John (1936), Mathematics Paper
Murray, F. J.; von Neumann, John (1937), Another Mathematics Paper
Murray, F. J.; von Neumann, John (1943), Yet Another Mathematics Paper







Some articles use this idiom [[#CITEREFid | link name ]]. See notes on implementation details below.

Variations

    
edit





Using colon format: {{harvcol}}, {{harvcolnb}}, {{harvcoltxt}}

    
edit





Templates {{harvcol}}, {{harvcolnb}}, and {{harvcoltxt}} use a colon to indicate the page number(s) or location.




Markup
Renders as 


{{harvcol|Smith|2011|p=25}}


(Smith 2011:25)

 


{{harvcolnb|Smith|2011|p=25}}


Smith 2011:25

 


{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2011|p=25}}


Smith (2011:25)

 


{{harvcol|Smith|2011|p=25–26}}


(Smith 2011:25–26)

 


{{harvcol|Smith|2011|loc=chpt. 3}}


(Smith 2011:chpt. 3)








Parentheses around the year: {{sfnp}} and {{harvp}}

    
edit





Template {{sfnp}} puts parentheses around the year. Compare the two examples.




Markup
Renders as 


Article text.{{sfnp|Smith|2011}}
== Notes ==
{{reflist}}



Article text.^[1]

Notes


^ Smith (2011).


 


Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011}}
== Notes ==
{{reflist}}



Article text.^[1]

Notes


^ Smith 2011.









Similarly, in order to mimic Citation Style 1 citations, template {{harvp}} puts parentheses around the year.




Markup
Renders as 


{{harvp|Smith|2011|p=25}}


Smith (2011), p. 25








Implementation notes

    
edit





These templates use two elements: a wikilink in the body of the article, and an anchor in the reference section of the article. Clicking on the wikilink repositions the page at the anchor.

Citation template anchor

    
edit






The most common citation templates are Citation Style 1 or Citation Style 2. By default, Module:Citation/CS1 creates an anchor <a name="CITEREF"> followed by the concatenation of the following parameters:

last or last1 or surname or surname1 or author-last or author-last1 or author1-last or author-surname or author-surname1 or author1-surname or author or author1 or authors,
last2 or surname2 or author-last2 or author2-last or author-surname2 or author2-surname or author2,
last3 or surname3 or author-last3 or author3-last or author-surname3 or author3-surname or author3,
last4 or surname4 or author-last4 or author4-last or author-surname4 or author4-surname or author4,
editor-last or editor-last1 or editor1-last or editor-surname or editor-surname1 or editor1-surname or editor1 or editor,
editor-last2 or editor2-last or editor-surname2 or editor2-surname or editor2,
editor-last3 or editor3-last or editor-surname3 or editor3-surname or editor3,
editor-last4 or editor4-last or editor-surname4 or editor4-surname or editor4,
date, year
This covers the most common templates. Information about all of the templates is available at Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors.
Use of the date parameter in place of the year parameter in citation templates is preferred.

Harvard citation wikilink

    
edit





The Harvard citation templates create a wikilink to the anchor. For example {{Harv|Smith|2006|p=25}} produces the link #CITEREFSmith2006 and {{Citation|last=Smith|first=John|date=27 January 2006|title=My Life}} produces the anchor CITEREFSmith2006.

Using CITEREF directly

    
edit





Shortcut
WP:CITEREF
A few articles create a custom ID using CITEREF, either in place of the Harvard citation template (e.g. [[#CITEREFSmith2006|(2006)]]) or as a value for |ref= in the citation template.
A custom ID must follow these rules:

Names are case-sensitive.  Please do not use raNdOM capitalization.
Names must not be purely numeric; the software will accept something like ":31337" (which is punctuation plus a number), but it will ignore "31337" (purely numeric).
Names should have semantic value, so that they can be more easily distinguished from each other by human editors who are looking at the wikitext.  This means that ref names like "Nguyen 2010" are preferred to names like ":31337".
Names must be unique. You may not use the same name to define different groups or footnotes. Try to avoid picking a name that someone else is likely to choose for a new citation, such as ":0" or "NYT".
Please consider keeping reference names short, simple, and restricted to the standard English alphabet and numerals. If spaces are used, the following technical restrictions become relevant:
Quotation marks are preferred but optional if the only characters used are letters A–Z, a–z, digits 0–9, and the symbols !$%&()*,-.:;<@[]^_`{|}~. That is, all printable ASCII characters except #"'/=<>?\ and space.
Inclusion of any other characters, including spaces, requires that the reference name be enclosed in quotes; for example, name="John Smith". But quote-enclosed reference names may not include a less-than sign (<) or a double straight quote symbol ("), which may however be included by escaping as &lt; and &quot; respectively.
If CITEREF is used, then spaces in the |ref= field must be replaced with underscores
The quote marks must be the standard, straight, double quotation marks ("); curly or other quotes will be parsed as part of the reference name.
You may optionally provide reference names even when the reference name is not required. This makes later re-use of the sourced reference easier.
Examples:

{{sfn|cite name|year}}
{{cite book|ref=CITEREFcite_nameyear}}
{{cite book|ref={{sfnref}}}}
Where cite_name is a name such as the publisher.
To avoid the sometimes difficult to remember syntax for links to CITEREF anchors, {{citeref}} can be used to create internal wikilinks with either small superscript-style labels (like this^[n]) or plain free-text labels to such anchors. It can be used inside of other citations.
Note that the CITEREF prefix is necessary for the reference tooltips gadget (MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js) to detect that a link goes to a citation.

{{sfn}}'s ref name

    
edit





Template {{sfn}} creates a named footnote, so that identical footnotes are combined automatically. The footnote name begins with FOOTNOTE followed by a concatenation of the arguments to {{sfn}}. E.g.: this template call {{sfn|Smith|2006|p=26}} should have exactly the same functionality as <ref name="FOOTNOTESmith200626">{{Harvnb}}</ref> which, in turn, has the same functionality as <ref name="FOOTNOTESmith200626">[[#CITEREFSmith2006|Smith (2006)]], p. 26</ref>.
The ref name becomes more complicated when the page (p) parameter includes a URL, e.g. {{sfn|Joyce|1903|p=213}}, which, once defined, can be called by <ref name="FOOTNOTEJoyce1903[httpsarchiveorgdetailsaconcisehistory00joycgoogpagen226 213]" />. The "p=" and the characters |,:,.,/,?,=; are therefore stripped out of the URL.
The call to {{harvnb}} has been subst'ed for quicker load times.

v
t
e
Wikipedia referencing
Policies and guidelines 
Verifiability
No original research
Biographies of living persons
Reliable sources
Medicine
Citing sources
Scientific citations
General advice 
Citation needed
Find sources
Combining sources
Offline sources
Referencing styles
Citing sources 
Citation Style 1
Citation Style 2
Citation Style Vancouver
LSA
Comics
Citation templates
Reflist template
Inline citations 
Footnotes
Punctuation and footnotes
Shortened footnotes
Nesting footnotes
Help for beginners 
Reference-tags
Citations quick reference
Introduction to referencing
Referencing with citation templates
Referencing without using templates
Referencing dos and don'ts
Citing Wikipedia
Advanced help 
Cite link labels
Citation tools
Cite errors
Cite messages
Converting between references formats
Reference display customization
References and page numbers
Guidance on source reviewing at FAC
Template documentation 
{{Edit refs}}
{{Refref}}
{{Refref2}}
{{Refstart}}
Tools 
Wikipedia Library
Deprecated 
Parenthetical referencing

Tracking categories

    
edit





Category:Pages using sfn with unknown parameters (2)

TemplateData

    
edit





This is the TemplateData for this template used by TemplateWizard, VisualEditor and other tools. See a monthly parameter usage report for Template:Sfn in articles based on its TemplateData.
TemplateData for Sfn


This template creates a short author–date citation in a footnote. It allows you to link inline citation using Harvard citations (a form of short citations using parenthetical references) to their corresponding full bibliographic citations.Template parameters[Edit template data]
This template prefers inline formatting of parameters.
ParameterDescriptionTypeStatusAuthor last name1Last name of first (or only) author
Example
Smith
LinerequiredSecond author or year2Year for citations with one author, or last name of second author for citations with two or more authors
Example
2006
StringrequiredThird author or year3Year for citations with two authors, or last name of third author for citations with three or more authors
StringoptionalFourth author or year4Year for citations with three authors, or last name of fourth author for citations with four authors
StringoptionalYear (if four authors included)5Year for citations with four authors
NumberoptionalPagep pagePage number in source, if the relevant information is on one page (use the «pp» parameter for multiple pages, and the «loc» parameter for other location data)
Example
42
LinesuggestedPagespp pagesPage numbers in source
Example
23–24
LineoptionalPostscriptpsTrailing text to replace period
Example
none
StringoptionalLocationlocLocation in source
Example
section 7Lineoptional
See also

    
edit





{{p.}} – citing a page number
{{r}} – define and reference page(s)
{{rp}} – reference page(s)
{{Sfnm}} – for multiple sources
{{SfnRef}} – for the ref anchor
{{efn}} – for explanatory foot notes

[FOOTNOTESmith202025-1] Smith 2020, p. 25.

[FOOTNOTESmith202026-2] Smith 2020, p. 26.

[FOOTNOTESmith202025-3] Smith 2020, p. 25.

[FOOTNOTESmithJones202025-4] Smith & Jones 2020, p. 25.

[FOOTNOTESmithJonesBrown202025-5] Smith, Jones & Brown 2020, p. 25.

[FOOTNOTESmithJonesBrownBlack202025-6] Smith et al. 2020, p. 25.

[FOOTNOTESmith202025-7] Smith 2020, p. 25.

[FOOTNOTESmith2020chpt._3-8] Smith 2020, chpt. 3.

[FOOTNOTESmith2020section_7-9] Smith 2020, section 7.

[10] Smith 2011, p. 2: "A quote verifying the information."

[11] Smith (2011, p. 2) quoted in Jones (2010, p. 343)

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Templates	Aliases	Example
`{{Harvard citation no brackets}}`	`{{harvnb}}`	Smith 2006, p. 25
`{{Harvard citation}}`	`{{harv}}`	(Smith 2006, p. 25)
`{{Harvard citation text}}`	`{{harvtxt}}`	Smith (2006, p. 25)
`{{Harvcoltxt}}`		Smith (2006:25)
`{{Harvcol}}`		(Smith 2006:25)
`{{Harvcolnb}}`		Smith 2006:25
`{{Harvard citations}}`	`{{harvs}}`	John Smith (2006, 2007) (and many other forms).
`{{Harvp}}`		Smith (2006), p. 25
`{{Harvc}}`	`{{Citec}}`	(Cite several contributions/chapters in a larger work) Article text.^[1] More article text.^[2] Even more article text.^[3] References ^ Stout & Johnson 1957. ^ Wadleigh 1957. ^ Stefferud 1957 Sources Stefferud, Alfred, ed. (1957). Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957. United States Department of Agriculture. OCLC 704186906. Stefferud, A. Preface. In Stefferud (1957). Stout, P. R.; Johnson, C. M. "Trace Elements". In Stefferud (1957). Wadleigh, C. H. "Growth of Plants". In Stefferud (1957).
`{{Shortened footnote template}}`	`{{sfn}}`	Article text.^[1] ^ Smith 2006, p. 25.
`{{Sfnp}}`		Article text.^[1] ^ Smith (2006), p. 25.
`{{Sfnm}}`		Article text.^[1] ^ Smith, Jones & Brown 2005, p. 15; Smith 2006, p. 50.
`{{Sfnmp}}`		Article text.^[1] ^ Smith, Jones & Brown (2005), p. 15; Smith (2006), p. 50.

Markup	Renders as
{{harv\|Smith\|2011\|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org chpt. 3]}}	(Smith 2011, chpt. 3)
{{harv\|Smith\|2011\|loc=[https://en.wikipedia.org §7]}}	(Smith 2011, §7)
Article text.{{sfn\|Smith\|2011\|p=[https://en.wikipedia.org 3]}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book \| last = Smith \| date = 2011 \| title = Smith's other book }}	Article text.^[1] Notes ^ Smith 2011, p. 3. References Smith (2011). Smith's other book.

Markup	Renders as
Article text.{{sfn\|Smith\|1999\|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{vcite book \| author = Smith K \| date = 1999 \| title = Smith's 1999 Book \| harvid = Smith1999 }}	Article text.^[1] Notes ^ Smith 1999, p. 101. References Smith K. Smith's 1999 Book. 1999.

Markup	Renders as
Article text.{{sfn\|Smith\|2011\|ps=none}} == Notes == {{reflist}}	Article text.^[1] Notes ^ Smith 2011
Article text.{{sfn\|Smith\|2011}} == Notes == {{reflist}}	Article text.^[1] Notes ^ Smith 2011.

Markup	Renders as
According to {{harvtxt\|Smith\|2009\|p=25}} ... ==References== * {{citation \| last = Smith \| first = John \| date = 2009 \| title = Smith's Book }}	According to Smith (2009, p. 25) ... References Smith, John (2009), Smith's Book

Markup	Renders as
Article text ({{harvnb\|Smith\|2010\|p=25}}; {{harvnb\|Jones\|2010}}).	Article text (Smith 2010, p. 25; Jones 2010).
Article text.<ref>{{harvnb\|Smith\|2010\|p=25}}; {{harvnb\|Jones\|2010}}</ref>	Article text.^[1] Notes ^ Smith 2010, p. 25; Jones 2010
Article text.{{sfnm\|la1=Smith\|y1=2010\|p1=25\|la2=Jones\|y2=2010}}	Article text.^[1] Notes ^ Smith 2010, p. 25; Jones 2010
==References== * {{cite book \|last = Smith \|first = John ... Smith's book}} * {{cite book \|last = Jones \|first = Mary ... Jones' book}}	References Smith, John (2010). Smith's book. Jones, Mary (2010). Jones' book.

Markup	Renders as
Article text.<ref>{{harv\|Smith\|2006\|p=25}}</ref> ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book \| last = Smith \| first = John \| title = Smith's book \| date = 2006 }}	Article text.^[1] Notes ^ (Smith 2006, p. 25) References Smith, John (2006). Smith's book.

Markup	Renders as
The theory was developed by {{harvs\|txt\|first=F. J.\|last=Murray\|author1-link=F. J. Murray\|first2=J.\|last2=von Neumann\|author2-link=John von Neumann\|year=1936\|year2=1937\|year3=1943}}.	The theory was developed by F. J. Murray and J. von Neumann (1936, 1937, 1943).
The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and [[John von Neumann\|J. von Neumann]] ([[#{{harvid\|Murray\|von Neumann\|1936}}\|1936]],[[#{{harvid\|Murray\|von Neumann\|1937}}\|1937]],[[#{{harvid\|Murray\|von Neumann\|1943}}\|1943]]).	The theory was developed by F. J. Murray and J. von Neumann (1936, 1937, 1943).
== References == * {{citation \| last1 = Murray \| first1 = F. J. \| date = 1936 \| ...}} * {{citation \| last1 = Murray \| first1 = F. J. \| date = 1937 \| ...}} * {{citation \| last1 = Murray \| first1 = F. J. \| date = 1943 \| ...}}	References Murray, F. J.; von Neumann, John (1936), Mathematics Paper Murray, F. J.; von Neumann, John (1937), Another Mathematics Paper Murray, F. J.; von Neumann, John (1943), Yet Another Mathematics Paper

Markup	Renders as
{{harvcol\|Smith\|2011\|p=25}}	(Smith 2011:25)
{{harvcolnb\|Smith\|2011\|p=25}}	Smith 2011:25
{{harvcoltxt\|Smith\|2011\|p=25}}	Smith (2011:25)
{{harvcol\|Smith\|2011\|p=25–26}}	(Smith 2011:25–26)
{{harvcol\|Smith\|2011\|loc=chpt. 3}}	(Smith 2011:chpt. 3)

Markup	Renders as
Article text.{{sfnp\|Smith\|2011}} == Notes == {{reflist}}	Article text.^[1] Notes ^ Smith (2011).
Article text.{{sfn\|Smith\|2011}} == Notes == {{reflist}}	Article text.^[1] Notes ^ Smith 2011.

v t e Wikipedia referencing
Policies and guidelines	Verifiability No original research Biographies of living persons Reliable sources Medicine Citing sources Scientific citations
General advice	Citation needed Find sources Combining sources Offline sources Referencing styles
Citing sources	Citation Style 1 Citation Style 2 Citation Style Vancouver LSA Comics Citation templates Reflist template
Inline citations	Footnotes Punctuation and footnotes Shortened footnotes Nesting footnotes
Help for beginners	Reference-tags Citations quick reference Introduction to referencing Referencing with citation templates Referencing without using templates Referencing dos and don'ts Citing Wikipedia
Advanced help	Cite link labels Citation tools Cite errors Cite messages Converting between references formats Reference display customization References and page numbers Guidance on source reviewing at FAC
Template documentation	{{Edit refs}} {{Refref}} {{Refref2}} {{Refstart}}
Tools	Wikipedia Library
Deprecated	Parenthetical referencing

Summary

Usage edit

Parameters edit

Author(s) and year edit

Location in the source text edit

Additional text edit

Possible issues edit

Adding additional comments or quotes edit

Adding a URL for the page or location edit

A citation inside an explanatory footnote edit

Multiple lists of inline citations edit

More than one work in a year edit

Templates that use Module:Citation/CS1 edit

More than one author with the same last name edit

Large number of authors edit

No author name in citation template edit

Citation has |date= and no |year= edit

Using sfn with {{cite comic}} edit

Using sfn with {{vcite}} edit

Citation format does not support anchors: {{wikicite}} edit

No closing period: |ps=none edit

Wikilink to citation does not work edit

Link works but displays a no target error edit

Sfn embedded in list-defined ref does not work edit

Other author–date citation templates edit

Applications of these templates edit

Shortened footnote: {{sfn}} or {{harvnb}} edit

In text attribution: {{harvtxt}} edit

Bundled citation: {{harvnb}} or {{sfnm}} edit

Harvard citation: {{harv}} edit

More exotic Harvard citations: {{harvid}} or {{harvs}} edit

Variations edit

Using colon format: {{harvcol}}, {{harvcolnb}}, {{harvcoltxt}} edit

Parentheses around the year: {{sfnp}} and {{harvp}} edit

Implementation notes edit

Citation template anchor edit

Harvard citation wikilink edit

Using CITEREF directly edit

{{sfn}}'s ref name edit

Tracking categories edit

TemplateData edit

See also edit

Citation has `|date=` and no `|year=` edit

Using sfn with `{{cite comic}}` edit

Using sfn with `{{vcite}}` edit

Citation format does not support anchors: `{{wikicite}}` edit

No closing period: `|ps=none` edit

Shortened footnote: `{{sfn}}` or `{{harvnb}}` edit

In text attribution: `{{harvtxt}}` edit

Bundled citation: `{{harvnb}}` or `{{sfnm}}` edit

Harvard citation: `{{harv}}` edit

More exotic Harvard citations: `{{harvid}}` or `{{harvs}}` edit

Using colon format: `{{harvcol}}`, `{{harvcolnb}}`, `{{harvcoltxt}}` edit

Parentheses around the year: `{{sfnp}}` and `{{harvp}}` edit

`{{sfn}}`'s ref name edit