Walter was a member of the Fitz Alan family.^[10] He was born in about 1110.^[11] Walter was a son of Alan fitz Flaad (died 1121×) and Avelina de Hesdin.^{[12][note 2]} Alan and Avelina had three sons: Jordan, William and Walter.^{[22][note 3]}

Walter's father was a Breton knight who was granted lands in Shropshire by Henry I, King of England. Previous to this, Alan had acted as steward to the bishops of Dol in Brittany.^[24] Walter was a minor English landholder. He held North Stoke, north of Arundel, by way of a grant from his brother, William.^[25] There is reason to suspect that Walter also held Manhood, south of Chichester.^[26] He also held land at "Conelon" or "Couten", a place that possibly refers to Cound in Shropshire.^[27]

Walter appears to have arrived in Scotland in about 1136, during the reign of David I, King of Scotland.^[28] Following Henry's death in 1135, the Fitz Alans evidently sided with David in his support of the contested English royal claims of Henry's daughter, Matilda.^[29] Certainly, both William and Walter witnessed acts of Matilda in 1141.^[30] In any event, the date of Walter's introduction into Scotland may be marked by the original part of the so-called "foundation charter" of Melrose Abbey, which records Walter as a witness.^[31]

Walter served as David's dapifer or senescallus (steward).^[32] He served in this capacity for three successive Scottish kings: David, Malcolm IV and William I.^{[33][note 4]} Walter is increasingly attested by royal charters from about 1150,^[36] and it is possible that it was at about this time that David granted him the stewardship to be held heritably.^[37] As the king's steward, Walter would have been responsible for the day-to-day running of the king's household.^[38] Whilst the chamberlain was responsible for the king's sleeping compartments, the steward oversaw the king's hall.^[39] It is possible that David sought to replace the Gaelic office of rannaire ("food-divider") with that of the steward.^[40] This office certainly appears to have been a precursor to the stewardship.^{[41][note 5]} Walter's ancestors were stewards to the Breton lords of Dol.^[46] In fact, his elder brother, Jordan, inherited this stewardship from their father,^[47] and held this office at the time of Walter's own establishment in Scotland. As such, it is probable that Walter possessed a degree of experience in the profession.^[40]

Walter lived during a period in history when Scottish monarchs sought to attract men to their kingdom by promising them gifts of land. To such kings, royal authority depended upon their ability to give away territories in the peripheries of the realm.^[50] Although the twelfth-century Scottish monarchs did not create any new earldoms for the incoming Anglo-Norman magnates, they did grant them provincial lordships. The most important of these mid-century colonial establishments were: Annandale for Robert de Brus; Upper Eskdale and Ewesdale for Robert Avenel; Lauderdale and Cunningham for Hugh de Morville; Liddesdale for Ranulf de Sules; and Mearns, Strathgryfe, Renfrew and North Kyle for Walter himself.^{[51][note 6]} As a result of their tenure in high office, and their dominating regional influence, these provincial lords were equal to the native Scottish earls in all but rank.^[56]

In 1161×1162, Malcolm confirmed Walter's stewardship, and confirmed David's grants of Renfrew, Paisley, Pollock, "Talahret", Cathcart, Dripps, Mearns, Eaglesham, Lochwinnoch and Innerwick. He also granted Walter West Partick, Inchinnan, Stenton, Hassenden, Legerwood and Birkenside, as well as a toft with twenty acres in every burgh and demesne in the realm. For this grant, Walter owed his sovereign the service of five knights.^[58] The grant of lodgings in every important royal settlement would have only been entrusted to people particularly close to the king, and to those who were expected to travel with him.^[59] The impressive list of twenty-nine eminent men who attested this transaction appears to be evidence that the proceedings took place in a public setting before the royal court.^[60]

At some point during his career, Walter received North Kyle^[61] from either David or Malcolm.^{[62][note 7]} Also in 1161×1162—perhaps on the same date as Malcolm's aforesaid charter to Walter^[64]—the king granted Walter the lands of Mow for the service of one knight.^[65] There is reason to suspect that David's original grant of lands to Walter took place in 1136. Certainly in 1139×1146, Walter witnessed a charter of David to the cathedral of Glasgow in which the king invested the cathedral with assets from Carrick, Cunningham, Strathgryfe and Kyle.^{[66][note 8]} In 1165, Walter is stated to have held lands worth two knight's fees in Shropshire.^[68] As such, the vast majority of his holdings were located north of the Anglo-Scottish border.^[69]

Walter was a benefactor of Melrose Abbey, and granted this religious house the lands of Mauchline in Ayrshire.^{[70][note 9]} He also granted his lands in Dunfermline^[72] and Inverkeithing to Dunfermline Abbey.^[73]

Walter founded Paisley Priory in about 1163.^[74] This religious house was initially established at Renfrew—at King's Inch near Renfrew Castle—before removing to Paisley within a few years.^{[75][note 10]} The fact that Walter made this a Cluniac monastery could be evidence that he was personally devoted to the Cluniac Wenlock Priory in Shropshire.^[82] Alternately, the decision to associate Wenlock with his foundation at Renfrew could have stemmed from a devotion to the cult of Wenlock's patron saint: St Milburga.^{[40][note 11]}

Walter's priory at Paisley was dedicated in part to St James the Greater.^[88] This, coupled with the fact that Walter did not witness any of David's acts during a span of time in 1143×1145, could be evidence that Walter undertook a pilgrimage to the shrine of St James the Greater at Santiago de Compostela.^{[37][note 12]} In the spring of 1147, Scots joined an Anglo-Flemish fleet in Dartmouth, and set off to join the Second Crusade.^[96] The presence of Scots in this multi-ethnic fighting force is specifically attested by the twelfth-century texts De expugnatione Lyxbonensi and Gesta Friderici imperatoris.^[97] In June, this fleet of Englishmen, Flemings, Normans, Rhinelanders and Scots arrived at Lisbon, and joined the King of Portugal's months-long siege of the city.^[98] Some of the adventurers who participated in the expedition—a fifty-ship detachment of Rhinelanders—clearly visited Santiago de Compostela.^[99] It is possible that Walter was one of the Scots who took part in the Lisbon expedition.^[37]

Renfrew may well have served as the caput of the Strathgryfe group of holdings held by Walter,^[100] and could have been the main caput of all his holdings.^{[101][note 13]} The fact that he chose Paisley to serve as a priory does not necessarily mean that Renfrew was his principal caput. In fact, there is reason to suspect that North Kyle served as Walter's power centre. For example, Walter granted this religious house a tithe from all his lands excepting North Kyle. The fact that he granted away only one piece of land in North Kyle—as opposed to his extensive donations elsewhere—suggests that North Kyle was his largest block of his own demesne.^[104] As such, the archaeological evidence of a twelfth-century motte at Dundonald could indicate that Walter constructed Dundonald Castle, an earth and timber fortress, as his principal caput.^{[105][note 14]}

The uneven distribution of Walter's grants to Paisley Priory seems to have been a result of the fact that he had subinfeudated most of Strathgryfe by the time of its establishment.^[107] Walter's extensive territories consisted of regions inhabited by native speakers of English, Cumbric and Gaelic.^[108] From the years spanning 1160–1241, there are roughly one hundred vassals, tenants and dependants of Walter and his succeeding son and grandson.^[109] A considerable number of these dependants were drawn from the vicinity of the Fitz Alan lands in Shropshire.^[110] The latter region was largely Welsh-speaking at the time, and it is possible that these languages were then mutually intelligible with Breton, Cumbric. If so, it could indicate that Walter and his dependents were purposely settled in the west to take advantage of this linguistic affiliation. As such, it may have been hoped that such incoming settlers would possess a degree of legitimacy from the natives as fellow Britons.^[111]

Walter was married to Eschina de Londres (fl. 1177×1198).^[117] It is likely that the king—either David or Malcolm—arranged the union.^[118] Eschina is variously accorded locative names such as de Londres and de Molle.^[119] The former name appears to indicate that her father was a member of the Londres (or London) family.^[120] One possibility is that this man was Richard de London.^[121] The various forms of Eschina's locative surname de Molle could indicate that she was a maternal granddaughter and heir of a previous Lord of Mow: a certain Uhtred, son of Liulf.^{[122][note 16]} Uhtred is known to have granted the church of Mow to Kelso Abbey during David's reign.^[124]

If Eschina indeed possessed an inherited claim to Mow, it is possible that Walter's grant of this territory was given from the king in the context of Walter's marriage to her.^[126] The fact that Uhtred seems to have had a son and a brother could be evidence that the king had overridden the inheritance rights of Uhtred's male heirs.^[127] On the other hand, an alternate possibility is that Eschina only possessed rights to Mow as a result of her marriage to Walter.^[128]

Walter was Eschina's first husband.^[121] She survived Walter, and her second husband was probably Henry de Cormunnock,^[129] by whom she had two daughters: Cecilia^[130] and Maud.^[127] Eschina's grant to Paisley Priory records that her daughter, Margaret, was buried there.^[131] A daughter of Walter may have been Christina, a widow of William de Brus, Lord of Annandale, and second wife of Patrick I, Earl of Dunbar.^[132] Christina's kinship with Walter's family could account for the Dunbars' later possession of Birkenside.^[133]

Walter witnessed an act by Malcolm at Les Andelys in Normandy. This charter appears to reveal that Walter was one of the Scottish barons who accompanied the king upon the English campaign against the French at Toulouse in 1159. This record is the only known act of the king on the Continent.^[134] Malcolm returned to Scotland in 1160, having spent months campaigning in the service of the English. Upon his return, the king was forced to confront an attempted coup at Perth.^[135] Having successfully dealt with this considerable number of disaffected magnates, the twelfth- to thirteenth-century Chronicle of Holyrood and Chronicle of Melrose reveal that Malcolm launched three military expeditions into Galloway.^[136] Although the names of the king's accomplices are unrecorded, it is probable that Walter was amongst them.^[137]

The circumstances surrounding these invasions are unclear;^[138] what is clear, however, is that Fergus, Lord of Galloway submitted to the Scots before the end of the year.^[139] Specifically, according to the thirteenth-century Gesta Annalia I, once the Scots subdued the Gallovidians, the conquerors forced Fergus to retire to Holyrood Abbey, and hand over his son, Uhtred, as a royal hostage.^[140] On one hand, Fergus himself may have precipitated Malcolm's Gallovian campaign, by raiding the territory between the rivers Urr and Nith.^[141] The fact that the Chronicle of Holyrood describes Malcolm's Gallovidian opponents as "federate enemies", and makes no mention of his sons, suggests that Fergus was supported by other accomplices.^[142] In fact, Malcolm may have encountered an alliance between Fergus and Somairle mac Gilla Brigte, King of the Isles.^[143]

In 1164, Somairle launched an invasion of Scotland.^[147] This seaborne campaign is attested by sources such as: the fourteenth-century Annals of Tigernach,^[148] the fifteenth- to sixteenth-century Annals of Ulster,^[149] the twelfth-century Carmen de Morte Sumerledi,^[150] the thirteenth-century Chronica of Roger de Hoveden,^[151] the Chronicle of Holyrood,^[152] the thirteenth- to fourteenth-century Chronicles of Mann,^[153] the Chronicle of Melrose,^[154] Gesta Annalia I,^[155] the fifteenth-century Mac Carthaigh's Book,^[156] and the fifteenth-century Scotichronicon.^[157]

The various depictions of Somairle's forces—stated to have been drawn from Argyll, Dublin and the Isles—appear to reflect the remarkable reach of power that this man possessed at his peak.^[158] According to the Chronicle of Melrose, Somairle landed at Renfrew, and was defeated and slain by the people of the district.^{[159][note 18]} This stated location of Renfrew could be evidence that the target of Somairle's strike was Walter.^[162] Nevertheless, the leadership of the Scottish forces is uncertain.^[163] It is conceivable that the commander was one of the three principal men of the region: Herbert, Bishop of Glasgow,^[164] Baldwin, Sheriff of Lanark/Clydesdale,^[165] and Walter himself.^[166] Whilst there is reason to suspect that Somairle focused his offensive upon Walter's lordship at Renfrew,^[167] it is also possible that Hebert, as Malcolm's agent in the west, was the intended target.^[168] Certainly, Carmen de Morte Sumerledi associates Herbert with the victory,^[169] and makes no mention of Walter or any Scottish royal forces.^[170] On the other hand, Baldwin's nearby lands of Inverkip and Houston were passed by Somairle's naval forces, suggesting that it was either Baldwin or his followers who engaged and overcame the invaders.^{[163][note 19]}

Exactly why Somairle struck out at the Scots is unknown.^[173] This man's rise to power appears to coincide with an apparent weakening of Scottish royal authority in Argyll.^[174] Although David may well have regarded Argyll as a Scottish tributary, Somairle's ensuing career clearly reveals that the latter regarded himself a fully independent ruler.^[175] Somairle's first attestation by a contemporary source occurs in 1153,^[176] when the Chronicle of Holyrood reports that he backed the cause of his nepotes, the Meic Máel Coluim, in an unsuccessful coup after David's death.^[177] These nepotes—possibly nephews or grandsons of Somairle—were the sons of Máel Coluim mac Alasdair, a claimant to the Scottish throne, descended from an elder brother of David, Alexander I, King of Scotland.^[178] Four years later Somairle launched his final invasion of Scotland, and it is possible that it was conducted in the context of another attempt to support Máel Coluim's claim to the Scottish throne.^[179]

Another possibility is that Somairle was attempting to secure a swathe of territory that had only recently been secured by the Scottish Crown.^[179] Although there is no record of Somairle before 1153, his family was evidently involved in an earlier insurrection by Máel Coluim against David that ended with Máel Coluim's capture and imprisonment in 1134.^{[174][note 20]} An aftereffect of this failed insurgency may be perceptible in a Scottish royal charter issued at Cadzow in about 1136.^[67] This source records the Scottish Crown's claim to cáin in Carrick, Kyle, Cunningham and Strathgryfe.^[183] Historically, this region appears to have once formed part of the territory dominated by the Gall Gaidheil,^[184] a people of mixed Scandinavian and Gaelic ethnicity.^[185] One possibility is that these lands had formerly comprised part of a Gall Gaidheil realm before the Scottish Crown overcame Máel Coluim and his supporters.^[67] The Cadzow charter is one of several that mark the earliest record of Fergus.^[186] This man's attestation could indicate that while Somairle's family may have suffered marginalisation as a result of Máel Coluim's defeat and David's consolidation of the region, Fergus and his family could have conversely profited at this time as supporters of David's cause.^[67] The record of Fergus amongst the Scottish elite at Cadzow is certainly evidence of the increasing reach of David's royal authority in the 1130s.^[187]

Another figure first attested by these charters is Walter,^[67] who may have been granted the lands of Strathgryfe, Renfrew, Mearns and North Kyle on the occasion of David's grant of cáin.^[190] One explanation for Somairle's invasion is that he may have been compelled to counter a threat that Walter^[191]—and other recently enfeoffed Scottish magnates—posed to his authority.^[192] A catalyst of this collision of competing spheres of influence may have been the vacuum left by the assassination of Somairle's father-in-law, Óláfr Guðrøðarson, King of the Isles, in 1153. Although the political uncertainty following Óláfr's elimination would have certainly posed a threat to the Scots, the concurrent build-up of Scottish power along the western seaboard—particularly exemplified by Walter's expansive territorial grants in the region—meant that the Scots were also positioned to capitalise upon the situation.^[193] In fact, there is reason to suspect that, during Malcolm's reign—and perhaps with Malcolm's consent—Walter began to extend his own authority into the Firth of Clyde, the islands of the Clyde, the southern shores of Cowal and the fringes of Argyll.^{[194][note 22]}

The allotment of Scottish fiefs along the western seaboard suggests that these lands were settled in the context of defending the Scottish realm from external threats located in Galloway and the Isles.^[199] It was probably in this context that substantial western lordships were granted to Hugh de Morville, Robert de Brus and Walter.^[200] As such, the mid-part of the twelfth century saw a steady consolidation of Scottish power along the western seaboard by some of the realm's greatest magnates—men who could well have encroached into Somairle's sphere of influence.^{[201][note 23]}

The remarkably poor health of Malcolm—a man who went on to die before reaching the age of twenty-five—combined with the rising power of Somairle along Scotland's western seaboard, could account for Malcolm's confirmation Walter's stewardship and lands in 1161×1162. As such, Walter may have sought written confirmation of his rights in light of the external threats that faced the Scottish Crown.^[203] In fact, one possibility is that the king's serious illness was a specific impetus for Somairle's campaign. Somairle may have intended to seize upon Malcolm's poor health to strike out at the Scots and limit the western spread of their influence.^[204]

Walter served as steward until his death^[205] in 1177.^[206] Before his demise, Walter retired to Melrose Abbey, and died there a lay member of the monastery.^[207] He was thereafter buried at Paisley.^[208] Walter's son and successor, Alan, does not appear to have equalled Walter's consistent attendance of the royal court.^{[209][note 24]}

It was during the tenure of Walter's great-grandson, Alexander Stewart, Steward of Scotland, that the title of dapifer regis Scotie ("steward of the king of Scotland") came to be replaced by the style senescallus Scotie ("steward of Scotland").^{[11][note 25]} It was also during this generation that forms of the surname Stewart began to be borne by Walter's descendants.^[214] Specifically, his like-named great-grandson, Walter Stewart, Earl of Menteith, is the first such descendant known to have adopted senescallus as a surname without having possessed the office of steward.^{[11][note 26]} Walter was the founder of the Stewart family,^[217] from which descended the royal Stewart dynasty.^{[218][note 27]}

Primary sources edit

Secondary sources edit

• "Walter Stewart (I), son of Alan (d.1177)". People of Medieval Scotland, 1093–1371.
• "Eschiva of Mow/London, Wife of Walter son of Alan (I) the Steward". People of Medieval Scotland, 1093–1371.