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-stan

Summary

stan (Persian: ستان stân,[n 1] estân or istân[n 2]; Sanskrit: स्तान् stān or स्थानम् sthānam) has the meaning of "a place abounding in"[1] or "place where anything abounds" as a suffix.[2] It is widely used by Iranian languages (mainly Persian) and the Indic languages (mainly Sanskrit, Prakrit and Hindustani) as well as the Turkic languages (excluding Siberian Turkic), Dravidic languages (mainly Brahui and Kannada) and other languages. The suffix appears in the names of many regions throughout West, Central and South Asia, and parts of the Caucasus and Russia.[3]

  Countries whose name in English has the suffix -stan
  Other countries that have first-level divisions whose names in English have the suffix -stan.
  Countries whose name in their native language has the suffix -stan.

Etymology and cognates

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The suffix -stan is analogous to the suffix -land, present in many country and location names. The suffix is also used more generally, as in Persian and Sanskrit which are rigestân (ریگستان, ऋगेस्तान), "place of sand, desert"; golestân (گلستان, गोलेस्तान), "place of flowers, garden"; gurestân (گورستان, गुरेस्तान), "graveyard, cemetery";[4] and Hendostân/Hindustan (هندوستان, हिन्दुस्तान), "Land of the Indus (India)".[5]

Originally an independent noun, this morpheme evolved into a suffix by virtue of appearing frequently as the last part in nominal compounds. It is of Indo-Iranian and ultimately Indo-European origin. It is cognate with the English word stead, Polish stan (estate, or New World first-level subdivisions), and with Sanskrit sthā́na (स्थान [stʰaːnɐ]), meaning "the act of standing", from which many further meanings derive, including "place, location; abode, dwelling". This meaning is ultimately related to Proto-Indo-Iranian *sthāna-,[6] partly loaned into Ancient Greek as Ancient Greek: -στήνη (-stēnē).

Countries

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Countries adopting the -stan suffix in both English and these countries' national languages include:

Some of these nations were also known with the Latinate suffix -ia during their time as Soviet republics: Turkmenistan was frequently Turkmenia, Kyrgyzstan often Kirghizia, and even Uzbekistan and Tajikistan were very occasionally Uzbekia and Tajikia.[7][8] In addition, the native name of Armenia is Hayastan, hay being the endonym of Armenians and India is Hindustan, hindu being the endonym of Hindus. The largest -stan country by area is Kazakhstan.

Country names in various languages

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English Name Persian name Sanskrit

name

Turkish name Armenian name Azerbaijani name Kazakh name Turkmen name Tatar name Uyghur name Bashkir name Hindustani name Uzbek name
  Armenia Armanestân – ارمنستان Armānistān – अरमनिस्तान् Ermenistan Hayastan – Հայաստան (native term: Hayk' – Հայք) Ermənistan — Ermenistan Ärmänstan – Әрмәнстан — Ärmänstan – Әрмәнстан Armanistān – अर्मनिस्तान – ارمنستان Armaniston - Арманистон
  Bulgaria Bulgharestân – بلغارستان Bölgārestān – बोलगारेस्तान् Bulgaristan — Bolqarıstan — — Bolğarstan – Болгарстан — Bolğarstan – Болғарстан Bulġaristān – बुल्ग़रिस्तान – بلغارستان —
  China — Sènāhstān – सेनाहस्तान् — Čʿinastan – Չինաստան — — — — — — — —
  Croatia — – Hırvatistan — — — — -
(alternative Xırwatstan – Хырватстан)		 — Xırwatstan – Хыруатстан K͟Hirvatistān – ख़िरवतिस्तान – خروتستان —
  England Engelestân – انگلستان Angârêzstān – अङ्गारेज्स्तान् — — — — — — — Iṅglistān – इङ्ग्लिस्तान - ان٘گلستان —
  Ethiopian Empire

(  Ethiopia and   Eritrea)

— – -
(formerly Habeşistan) 		-
(formerly Habešstan – Հաբեշստան) 		-
(formerly Həbəşistan) 		— — -
(formerly Xäbäşstan – Хәбәшстан) 		-
(formerly Hebeshistan –

ھەبەشىستان)

-
(formerly Xäbäşstan – Хәбәшстан) 		Habśistān – हब्शिस्तान – حبشستان -
(formerly Habashiston - Ҳабашистон)
  Georgia Gorjestân – گرجستان – Gürcistan Vrastan – Վրաստան (native term: Virk' – Վիրք) Gürcüstan — — Görcistan – Гөрҗистан — Görjöstan – Гөржөстан Gurjistān – गुर्जिस्तान – گرجستان Gurjiston - Гуржистон
  Greece — Yāvanstān – यावनस्तान् Yunânıstan Hunastan – Հունաստան Yunânıstan — — Yunanstan – Юнанстан — Yunanstan – Юнанстан — Yunoniston - Юнонистон
  Hungary Majârestân – مجارستان Māhyūrstān – मह्युरस्तान् Macârıstan — Macârıstan Majarstan – Мажарстан Majarystan Macarstan – Маҗарстан — Мажарстан Majāristān – मजारिस्तान – مجارستان Mojariston - Можаристон
  India Hendostân – هندوستان Hindustan –

हिन्दुस्तान्

Hindistan Hndkastan – Հնդկաստան Hindistan Ündıstan – Үндістан Hindistan Hindstan – Һиндстан Hindustan – ھىندىستان Hindostan – Һиндостан Hindustān – हिन्दुस्तान – ہِنْدُوْسْتان Hindiston - Ҳиндистон
  Mongolia Mogholestân – مغولستان Mangōlastān – मंगोलास्तान् Moğolistan — — — — — Mağulstan – Мағулстан Maṅgōlistān – मङ्गोलिस्तान – من٘گولستان Moʻgʻuliston - Мўғулистон
  Poland Lahestân – لهستان Léchîstān – लेचिस्तान् -
(formerly Lehistan)		 Lehastan – Լեհաստան — — — Läxstan – Ләхстан Lehistan – لەھىستان Lähstan – Ләhстан Lahistān – लहिस्तान – لہستان —
  Russia — – — Ṙusastan – Ռուսաստան — — — — — — — —
  Saudi Arabia 'Arabestân-e Sa'udi – عربستان سعودی 'Arabèstān Sa'udî – अरबिस्तान् साउदी Suudi Arabistan — Səudiyyə Ərəbistanı — Saud Arabystany Sögüd Gäräbstanı – Согуд Гарәбстаны Se'udi Erebistan – سەئۇدى ئەرەبىستان Säğüd Ğäräbstanï – Сәғүд Ғәрәбстаны — Saudiya Arabistoni - Саудия Арабистони
  Serbia Serbestân – صربستان Srbèndastān – सृबिन्दस्तान् Sırbistan — — — — -
(alternative Sırbstan – Сырбстан)		 — Sırbstan – Сырбстан Sarbistān – सर्बिस्तान – صربستان —

Administrative divisions

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The following table lists the subnational entities of different countries that end with -stan.

Country & first level of division Country subdivision name
Provinces of Afghanistan Nuristan
Districts of Azerbaijan Gobustan
States of India Rajasthan[n 3]
Provinces of Iran Golestan, Khuzestan, Kurdistan, Lorestan, Sistan, Baluchestan
Regions of Kazakhstan Turkistan
Provinces of Pakistan Balochistan, Gilgit-Baltistan
Republics of Russia Bashkortostan, Dagestan, Tatarstan
Regions of Uzbekistan Karakalpakstan

Administrative subdivisions

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The following list shows some examples of some second-level, third-level, and fourth-level subdivisions inside different countries that have their names ending in a -stan-like suffix.

In Afghanistan

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  1. ^ Various places share this name.

In Armenia

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In India

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In Iran

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  1. ^ a b Various places share this name.
  2. ^ In the Persian language, Shahrestan is also a common noun that means "county". It is in the names of the counties of Iran.

Dehestan is the name of an administrative division in Iran.

In Pakistan

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In Tajikistan

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In other countries

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Regions

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Historical regions

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  • Frangistan – a historical term used (by Muslims and Persians in particular) to refer to Western or Christian Europe.
  • Funjistan (Funj) - a historical empire ubicated in modern-day Sudan
  • Kabulistan – a historical name of the territory centered around present-day Kabul Province of Afghanistan.
  • Lazistan – a historical and cultural region of the Caucasus and Anatolia, traditionally inhabited by the Laz people.
  • Moghulistan (Mughalistan) – a historical area in Central Asia that included parts of modern-day Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Xinjiang
  • Tabaristan – a historical mountainous region located on the Caspian coast of Northern Iran.
  • Zabulistan – a historical region roughly corresponding to today's Zabul Province in southern Afghanistan.

Proposed names

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Fictional

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Other

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  • Absurdistan – sometimes used to satirically describe a country where everything goes wrong
  • Angyalistan – a micronation that claims garbage patches in international waters
  • Autistan – the "metaphorical country" of the autistic people
  • Bailoutistan (or Bailoutistan 2.0) - sarcastic term for Greece following the European Union bail out packages, coined by Yanis Varoufakis in his book 'Adults in the Room: My Battle With the European and American Deep Establishment'
  • Bimaristan – a kind of hospital in medieval Persia and the medieval Islamic world
  • Bradistan – a moniker for Bradford, England, owing to its large population of Pakistani worker migrants
  • Canuckistan (full name being The People's Republic of Soviet Canuckistan) – epithet for Canada, used by Pat Buchanan on 31 October 2002, on his television show on MSNBC in which he denounced Canadians as anti-American and the country as a haven for terrorists. He was reacting to Canadian criticisms of US security measures regarding Arab Canadians[15]
  • Cavaquistan (Cavaquistão in Portuguese) – a name coined after the former Portuguese President and Prime-Minister Aníbal Cavaco Silva, referring to the regions of Portugal where he achieved landslide victories in the elections held in the late 1980s and early 1990s (especially in the Viseu District[16]); intended pun with Kazakhstan (Cazaquistão in Portuguese[17])
  • Dalitstan.org – a Dalit advocacy website active until mid-2006,[18] one of 18 websites that were blocked by the Indian government to check for hate messages following the 2006 Mumbai train bombings.[19]
  • Extremistan and Mediocristan – used by author Nassim Nicholas Taleb to illustrate concepts of black swan theory in The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable
  • Filmistan – a film-production company
  • Fondukistan or Fondoqestān – an early medieval settlement and Buddhist monastery in Afghanistan
  • Gazimestan – name of a monument commemorating the historical Battle of Kosovo
  • Hookturnistan – satirical name of Melbourne, Victoria, due to the large number of hook turns on city roads
  • Hamastan – a concept of a Palestinian Islamic government with Sharia as law
  • Iranistan – a pseudo-orientalist mansion built for P. T. Barnum in 1848 in Connecticut
  • Islamistan – means 'Land of Islam', used in various contexts
  • Londonistan – French counter-terrorism agents gave the British/English capital of London this sobriquet. Sometimes used derogatorily to refer to the large immigrant, especially Muslim, population in London.
  • Muristan – a complex of streets and shops in the Christian Quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem
  • New Yorkistan – the title of the cover art for the 10 December 2001, edition of The New Yorker magazine
    • The New Yorkistan map itself included various districts ending in -stan, e.g., Bronxistan, Cold Turkeystan, Fuhgeddabouditstan, Gaymenistan, Taxistan, Youdontunderstandistan, etc.
  • Orbánistan – a derogatory term for Hungary under the rule of Viktor Orbán[20]
  • Paganistan – the pagan/neo-pagan community of Minneapolis-Saint Paul in Minnesota[21]
  • Quebecistan – a term coined by Barbara Kay in 2006 in reference to Quebec, Canada.
  • Sarvestan – a Sasanian-era palace in the Iranian province of Sarvestan
  • Shabestan – an underground space, usually found in the traditional architecture of mosques, houses, and schools in ancient Persia
  • Shahrestan (several meanings)
  • Skateistan – a skateboarding/educational organization based in Kabul, Afghanistan
  • Swedistan – a derogatory term for Sweden due to its growing immigration from Islamic countries. It is sometimes used by internet users to attack or offend Swedish Muslims.
  • Talibanistan – a name for the government of Afghanistan under the Taliban
  • Zaqistan – a micronation currently in Nevada

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Applies after a vowel.
  2. ^ Applies after a consonant.
  3. ^ The suffix -sthan is through Indic, not Iranic.

References

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  1. ^ Hayyim, Sulayman (1892), "ستان", New Persian-English Dictionary, vol. 2, Tehran: Librairie imprimerie Béroukhim, p. 30, archived from the original on 28 October 2020, retrieved 25 October 2020 Quote= ستان (p. V2-0030) ستان (۲) Suffix meaning 'a place abounding in'. Ex. گلستان a flower or rose-garden. Syn. زار See گازار Note. This suffix is pronounced stan or setan after a vowel, as in بوستان boostan, a garden, and هندوستان hendoostan, India; and estan after a consonant. Ex. گلستان golestan, and ترکستان torkestan. However, for poetic license, after a consonant also, it may be pronounced setan. Ex. گلستان golsetan
  2. ^ Steingass, Francis Joseph, "ستان", A Comprehensive Persian-English Dictionary, p. 655, archived from the original on 28 October 2020, retrieved 25 October 2020, stān (after a vowel), istān (after a consonant), Place where anything abounds, as ḵẖurmāstān, A palm-grove, gulistān, A flower-garden, &c.
  3. ^ Ford, Matt (7 February 2014). "Kazakhstan's President Is Tired of His Country's Name Ending in 'Stan'". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 25 October 2022. Retrieved 28 October 2022.
  4. ^ Moshiri, Leila (1988). "English-Persian Glossary". Colloquial Persian. Routledge. p. 150. ISBN 0-415-00886-7.
  5. ^ Kapur, Anu (2019). Mapping Place Names of India. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-429-61421-7.
  6. ^ Macdonell, A. A. (1929). A practical Sanskrit dictionary with transliteration, accentuation, and etymological analysis throughout. London: Oxford University Press. p. 365. Archived from the original on 16 October 2022. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
  7. ^ "Uzbekia, Kirgizia, Turkmenia, Tajikia". Google Ngram. Archived from the original on 10 April 2023.
  8. ^ Becker, Seymour (2004). Russia's Protectorates in Central Asia: Bukhara and Khiva, 1865–1924. Routledge. p. 553. ISBN 1-134-33582-2. As early as June 1920, Lenin had toyed with the idea of dividing Russian Turkestan into three national regions: Uzbekia, Kirgizia and Turkmenia.
  9. ^ "Turmoil in the North East: The demand for Bangalistan". SabrangIndia. 28 January 2020. Archived from the original on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
  10. ^ "Lebanese solution " 15 Jul 1978 " The Spectator Archive". The Spectator Archive. Archived from the original on 20 August 2018. Retrieved 19 August 2018.
  11. ^ "Lojbnaistan". lojban wiki. 4 November 2013. Archived from the original on 31 March 2017. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
  12. ^ Cowan, John Waldemar (1997). "1". The Complete Lojban Language (First ed.). Fairfax, VA, US: The Logical Language Group. p. 3. ISBN 0-9660283-0-9. Archived from the original on 2 April 2017. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
  13. ^ "Stanistan (TV Movie 2015) - IMDb". IMDb.
  14. ^ Stuart, Keith (31 May 2019). "Call of Duty: Modern Warfare returns to tread a moral minefield". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 25 September 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2019.
  15. ^ Allan, Chantal (2009). Bomb Canada: And Other Unkind Remarks in the American Media. Athabasca University Press. pp. 84–85. ISBN 978-1-897425-49-7. soviet%20canuckistan%20arab%20canadians.
  16. ^ "Cavaquistão continua irredutível e a votar laranja ("Cavaquistan remains unyielding and voting orange") (in Portuguese)". Visão. 6 October 2019. Archived from the original on 3 October 2020. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
  17. ^ Carla Fernandes (2016). Multimodality and Performance. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 27. ISBN 978-1-4438-9465-4. Archived from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 1 October 2020.
  18. ^ Dibyesh Anand (15 October 2011). Hindu Nationalism in India and the Politics of Fear. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 34–. ISBN 978-0-230-36263-5.
  19. ^ "Govt blocks 18 sites to check hate messages". The Times of India. 19 July 2006. Archived from the original on 27 May 2013. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
  20. ^ "The Ruler of Orbánistan". Aspen Institute Central Europe (in Czech). Archived from the original on 13 August 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  21. ^ Pizza, Murphy (2009). "Schism as midwife: how conflict aided the birth of a contemporary Pagan community". In Lewis, James R.; Lewis, Sarah M. (eds.). Sacred schisms: how religions divide (PDF). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 249–261. ISBN 978-0-511-58071-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 August 2011. Retrieved 25 May 2011. [...] the Pagan community of the Minnesota Twin Cities, otherwise known by members as 'Paganistan.'

Sources

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  • Daryaee, Touraj (2014). Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an Empire. I.B.Tauris. pp. 1–240. ISBN 978-0-85771-666-8.
  • Ghereghlou, Kioumars (2018). "Bādūsbānids". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. ISSN 1873-9830.

Further reading

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  • Maciuszak, Kinga. The Persian Suffix -(e)stān 'The Land Of' Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia 13 (2008): 119–140.
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