Summary
The 1170 Syria earthquake was one of the largest earthquakes to hit Syria. It occurred early in the morning of 29 June 1170.[2] It formed part of a sequence of large earthquakes that propagated southwards along the Dead Sea Transform, starting with the 1138 Aleppo earthquake, continuing with the 1157 Hama, 1170 and 1202 Syria events.[2] The estimated magnitude is 7.7 on the moment magnitude scale, with the maximum intensity of X (Extreme) on the Mercalli intensity scale.
  | |
| Local date | 29 June 1170 |
|---|---|
| Local time | Early morning |
| Magnitude | 7.7 Mw |
| Epicenter | 35°06′N 36°30′E / 35.1°N 36.5°E[1] |
| Fault | Missyaf Fault |
| Areas affected | Syria (region) |
| Total damage | Extreme |
| Max. intensity | MMI X (Extreme) [2] |
| Casualties | "countless numbers of people were killed"[3][1] |
Tectonic setting edit
Western Syria lies across the boundary between the African Plate and the Arabian Plate, which consists of the various segments of the Dead Sea Transform. The main strand passing through the Lebanon restraining bend is the Yammouneh Fault, which was responsible for the 1202 earthquake. To the north of this is the Missyaf Fault (or Ghab Fault), which continues up to the Ghab Basin. One earlier earthquake has been identified on this fault segment, the 115 Antioch earthquake. The Missyaf Fault is considered the most likely structure responsible for the 1170 event. The lack of any later major earthquakes on this segment suggests that one is now overdue.[4]
Earthquake edit
Due to the size of the area affected and the damage it caused, this earthquake is recorded in many contemporary accounts and appears in many more recent catalogues. There has been some confusion over the date, but there is a consensus now that it occurred on 29 June 1170. There is some uncertainty over the location of the epicentre and even whether it was two shocks or just one. The most likely location is on the Missraf segment of the Dead Sea Transform and the single earthquake appears most consistent with contemporary accounts. This implies a large area with high intensity of shaking and this has been used to suggest that the rupture was about 126 km long, involving more than just the Missraf segment, and that the magnitude was about 7.7 Mw .[1]
Several foreshocks were reported[2] and the aftershocks sequence lasted for three months.[3]
Damage edit
Severe damage was widespread from Antioch in the north to Tripoli and Baalbek in the south. Several places that had been badly damaged by the 1157 Hama earthquake, suffered again, such as Hama, Aleppo and Antioch.[1]
The fortress of Krak des Chevaliers (Hisn al-Akrad) was badly damaged by the earthquake. Although the extent of the damage is unclear (one source says that no traces of the walls were left), the castle underwent major rebuilding in subsequent years.[1]
References edit
- ^ a b c d e Guidoboni E.; Bernardini F.; Comastri A.; Boschi E. (2004). "The large earthquake on 29 June 1170 (Syria, Lebanon, and central southern Turkey)". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 109 (B7). Bibcode:2004JGRB..109.7304G. doi:10.1029/2003JB002523.
- ^ a b c d Ambraseys, Nicholas N. (2004). "The 12th century seismic paroxysm in the Middle East: a historical perspective" (PDF). Annals of Geophysics. 47 (2–3). Istituto Nazionale Geofisica e Vulcanologia: 733, 738, 745, 750.
- ^ a b Mohamed Reda Sbeinati; Ryad Darawcheh; Mikhail Mouty (2005). "The historical earthquakes of Syria: an analysis of large and moderate earthquakes from 1365 B.C. to 1900 A.D." Annals of Geophysics, Vol. 48, N. 3, June 2005. pp. 381, 389–391, 410. Archived from the original on 9 April 2015. Retrieved 3 April 2015.
- ^ Meghraoui M.; Gomez F.; Sbeinati R.; Van der Woerd J.; Mounty M.; Darkal A. N.; Radwan Y.; Layyous I.; Al-Najjar H.; Darawcheh R.; Hijazi F.; Al-Ghazzi R.; Barazangi M. (2003). "Evidence for 830 years of Seismic Quiescence from Palaeoseismology, Archaeoseismology and Historical Seismicity Along the Dead Sea Fault in Syria" (PDF). Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 210 (1–2): 35–52. Bibcode:2003E&PSL.210...35M. doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00144-4. hdl:1813/5320.