BREAKING NEWS
Cloud Server Hosting For Online Businesses
Inexpensive SEO Services
Benefits of Wanting to play Free Online Slot machines
1320s

Summary

The 1320s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1320, and ended on December 31, 1329.

Events

1320

January – March edit

April – June edit

July – September edit

October – December edit

1321

January – March edit

  • January 19 – King Edward I of England appoints the Archbishop of York; the Bishops of Carlisle, Worcester, and Winchester; the Earls of Pembroke, Hereford, and Badlesmere; and six other people to negotiate with Scotland for a final peace treaty or an extension of the Pembroke treaty of 1319 before its expiration on Christmas Day.[13]
  • January 20 – The English Parliament appoints a commission to inquire about illegal confederacies in Wales against the King.[14]
  • January 30 – The Welsh Earls of Hereford, Arundel, and Surrey, and 26 other people are forbidden from attending any meetings to discuss matters affecting King Edward II.[14]
  • February 10 – By papal verdict announced in the Polish town of Brześć, the Teutonic Knights are ordered to return the coastal region of Gdańsk Pomerania to Poland, having annexed and occupied it since 1308. The Teutonic Order appeals the judgment and continues fighting against Poland, with a new Polish–Teutonic War breaking out soon afterward.
  • March 22 – The first Genkō era begins in Japan after the end of the Gen'ō era.

April – June edit

July – September edit

October – December edit

By place edit

Byzantine Empire edit
Western Asia edit

By topic edit

Education edit
Religion edit
Literature edit
  • The Kebra Nagast ("The Glory of the Kings") is translated from Arabic to Ge'ez, according to its colophon (approximate date).[36]

1322

January – March edit

April – June edit

July – September edit

October – December edit

By place edit

Europe edit

1323

January – March edit

April – June edit

July – September edit

October – December edit

  • October 8 – John XXII claims the right to confirm imperial elections and demands that Louis IV of Bavarian surrender his claim to be King of the Romans.[60]
  • October 15 – Hostilities that will lead to the War of Saint-Sardos between England and France begin when King Charles IV of France has a royal sergeant place a stake claiming to claim the French town of Saint-Sardos, territory within the jurisdiction of King Edward II of England (who is also the ruler of the Duchy of Aquitaine in southeastern France). [64]
  • October 16 – Lord Raymond-Bernard, of the Aquitaine town of Montpezat, burns the village of Saint-Sardos to the ground and hangs the French royal sergeant who acted as agent for King Charles IV. France's government blames the England's Baron Basset of the Duchy of Gascony, for hiring Lord Raymond-Bernard.
  • November 12 – Pope John XXII issues the papal bull Cum inter nonnullos as an addendum to the December 8 bull Ad conditorem canonum, declaring that the assertion of the Fraticelli that Christ and the Apostles possessed no property (and advocated poverty as a Christian virtue) is a heresy. [53]
  • November – Flemish Revolt: A uprising in Flanders is caused by both excessive taxation levied by Louis I, and by his pro-French policies. The revolt is led by landowning farmers under Nicolaas Zannekin. Members of the local gentry join and William Deken, mayor of Bruges, becomes the leader of the revolt.[65]
  • December 7 – John of Nottingham and Robert of Coventry, two Englishmen believed by Coventry residents to be expert on necromancy, begin the process of casting a spell to kill King Edward II, Sir Hugh le Despenser of Winchester, as well as the prior of Coventry. John allegedly accepted 20 pounds sterling, and starts his necromancy by making wax figurines of the targets of elimination and then using them for the next six months. The two men will later be prosecuted for sorcery after one of the designated victims allegedly dies after a pin is driven into his figurine. [66]
  • December 21 – In further retaliation by the King Charles of France against King Edward of England for the Saint-Sardos incident, Edward's chief advocate in France's parliament, Pons Tournemire, is arrested and imprisoned in the Grand Châtelet. [67]

1324

January – March edit

April – June edit

July – September edit

October – December edit

  • October 7 – (Genko 4, 19th day of 9th month) The Shōchū Incident, the plan by Japan's Emperor Go-Daigo to overthrow the Kamakura shogunate, is discovered by the shogun's security police, the Rokuhara Tandai, and persons involved (other than the Emperor) are arrested and punished.
  • October 18 – (28 Shawwal 724 AH) After he and his entourage of Muslim pilgrims have stayed in Cairo for three months, the Emperor Mansa Musa of Africa's Mali Empire resumes the group's pilgrimage to Mecca[78]
  • November 3 – At Kilkenny in Ireland, Petronilla de Meath, the maidservant of Dame Alice Kyteler, becomes the first person in the British Isles to be burned at the stake as a witch. Dame Alice had been able to escape before capture.[85]
  • November 10 – Pope John XXII issues the papal bull Quia quorundam, his third major statement concerning apostolic poverty and the Fraticelli, in response to a claim that an earlier bull by Pope Nicholas III had implied that Christ and the apostles had lived without possessions.[86] In addition, Pope John restates the doctrine of Papal infallibility, declaring that "What the Roman pontiffs have once defined in faith and morals with the key of knowledge stands so immutably that it is not permitted to a successor to revoke it."[87]
  • November 22 – In Italy, Marsilio da Carrara becomes the new Lord of Padua upon the death of his uncle, Jacopo I da Carrara.[88]
  • December 25 – The Shōchū era begins in Japan during the reign of the Emperor Go-Daigo.

By place edit

Asia Minor edit

By topic edit

Literature edit
Religion edit

1325

January – March edit

April – June edit

July – September edit

October – December edit

  • October 10 – King Edward II calls for representatives of the three estates (including the knights representative) to meet at Westminster for a session of the English Parliament, beginning on November 18 to discuss the matter of the failure of his wife, Queen Isabella, to return from France.[106]
  • October 18 – King Edward II sends a letter to Pope John XXII (who is in Avignon in France), expressing deep concern for Queen Isabella's failure to return home from Paris.[107]
  • November 15 – War of the Bucket: At the Battle of Zappolino in northern Italy, the 7,000-man Ghibelline forces backed by the Holy Roman Empire defeat the much stronger (32,000-men) Guelph army under sent by Pope John XXII near Bologna. After the battle, Ghibelline influence in the region is consolidated.[108][109]
  • November 21 – Yuri III Danilovich, Grand Duke of Moscow, is assassinated by Dmitry of Tver, Grand Duke of Vladimir, nicknamed "the Terrible Eyes". Yuri's younger brother, Iván I Danilovich Kalitá, the Grand Duke of Vladimir, inherits Yuri's throne and relocates the spiritual capital of the Russian people to Moscow by directing the Metropolitan Peter to move his episcopal see from Kiev. The decision of both Ivan and Peter to relocate gradually makes Moscow the political center of Russia.
  • December 1 – King Edward II of England makes one final attempt to save his marriage to Queen Isabella, and sends her a letter ordering her to return from France to England immediately, writing that "Oftentimes have we informed you, both before an after the homage, of our great desire to have you with us, and of our grief of heart at your long absence," and adds that he is aware of her affair with Roger Mortimer and that "ceasing from all pretenses, delays and excuses, you come to us with all the haste you can."[110] She declines to come back.
  • December 16 – Charles, Count of Valois, uncle of King Charles IV of France and heir apparent to the throne, dies at the age of 55 at Nogent-le-Roi, leaving his son Philip as heir to the throne.

1326

January – March edit

April – June edit

July – September edit

 
Isabella's campaign (green) and the retreat of Edward II to Wales (brown)

October – December edit

  • October 18 – Isabella of France begins the Siege of Bristol, which is defended by Hugh Despenser the Elder.[120]
  • October 26 – After eight days, the castle of Bristol is captured by Queen Isabella, and Hugh Despenser the elder is taken captive. With Bristol secured, Isabella moves her base of operations to Hereford, near the Welsh border. There, she orders Henry of Lancaster to locate and arrest Edward II.
  • October 27 – The day after his capture at Bristol, Hugh Despenser the Elder, the chief adviser to King Edward II of England, is dressed in his armor and hanged in public. Afterwards, Hugh's body is dismembered, with his head presented to Queen Isabella to show to others among Edward's allies.
  • October 27 – Declaring that they are acting in the name of King Edward and giving as the reason that he is away in France, Queen Isabella and Crown Prince Edward issue a writ summoning the English Parliament to assemble on December 14 at Westminster.
  • November 16 – King Edward II of England is captured at Neath Abbey in Wales and brought to England, where he is imprisoned at Kenilworth Castle in Warwickshire.
  • December 3 – Queen Isabella and Crown Prince Edward, claiming to act on behalf of King Edward II, issue a new writ postponing the opening of the English Parliament from December 14 to January 7. The new parliament will approve the replacement of King Edward II by the Crown Prince as "Keeper of the Realm".[121]

By place edit

Europe edit
Middle East edit

By topic edit

Education edit

1327

January – March edit

April – June edit

July – September edit

October – December edit

By topic edit

Literature edit
Trade and Transport edit

1328

1329

January–December edit

Date unknown edit

Significant people edit

Births

1320

1321

1322

1324

1325

1326

1327

1328

1329

Deaths

1320

1321

1322

1323

1324

1325

1326

1327

1328

1329

References edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1320s.
  1. ^ J. Michael Jefferson, The Templar Estates in Lincolnshire, 1185-1565: Agriculture and Economy (Boydell Press, 2020) p.167
  2. ^ "Shepherds' Crusade, Second (1320)", by Gary Dickson, in The Crusades to the Holy Land: The Essential Reference Guide, ed. by Alan V. Murray (ABC-CLIO, 2015) pp.218-219
  3. ^ Malcolm Barber (1981). "The Pastoureaux of 1320" in Journal of Ecclesiastical History 32 (2), pp. 143–166.
  4. ^ Scott, Ronald McNair (1999). Robert the Bruce: King of Scots, p. 197. Canongate Books. ISBN 978-0-86241-616-4.
  5. ^ McLean, Iain (2005). State of the Union: Unionism and the Alternatives in the United Kingdom Since 1707, p. 247. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-925820-8.
  6. ^ James Conway Davies, The Baronial Opposition to Edward II Its Character and Policy: A Study in Administrative History (Cambridge University Press, 1918) p.439
  7. ^ Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait, p. 147. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-2302-6.
  8. ^ Brzezinski, Richard (1990). History of Poland: The Piast Dynasty, pp. 24–25. ISBN 83-7212-019-6.
  9. ^ a b Hywel Williams (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 157. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
  10. ^ Bon, Antoine (1969). La Morée franque. Recherches historiques, topographiques et archéologiques sur la principauté d'Achaïe, p. 202. [The Frankish Morea. Historical, Topographic and Archaeological Studies on the Principality of Achaea] (in French). Paris: De Boccard. OCLC 869621129.
  11. ^ Ravegnano, Giorgio (2000). "GHISI, Bartolomeo". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Volume 54: Ghiselli-Gimma (in Italian). Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. ISBN 978-8-81200032-6.
  12. ^ "Magnus Birgersson", by Hans Gillingstam, in Svenskt biografiskt lexikon (Riksarkivet, 1982)
  13. ^ J. R. S. Phillips, Aymer de Valence, Earl of Pembroke 1307-1324: Baronial Politics in the Reign of Edward II (Oxford University Press, 2018) p.203
  14. ^ a b Sir James H. Ramsay, Genesis of Lancaster (Clarendon Press, 1913) pp.114-115
  15. ^ David Nirenberg, Communities of Violence: Persecution of Minorities in the Middle Ages (Princeton University Press, 1996) p.54
  16. ^ Ostrogorsky, George (1969). History of the Byzantine State, pp. 499–501. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-8135-0599-2.
  17. ^ Barber, Malcolm (1981). "Lepers, Jews and Moslems: The Plot to Overthrow Christendom in 1321". History. 66 (216): 7. doi:10.1111/j.1468-229x.1981.tb01356.x. PMID 11614633 – via JSTOR.
  18. ^ Grayzel, Solomon (1947). A History of the Jews: From the Babylonian Exile to the End of World War II, pp. 389–91. Jewish Publication Society of America. ISBN 0521524547.
  19. ^ Jordan, William Chester (1997). The Great Famine: Northern Europe in the early Fourteenth Century, p. 171. Princeton University Press. ISBN 1400822130.
  20. ^ McVaugh, Michael R. (2002). Medicine Before the Plague: Practitioners and Their Patients in the Crown of Aragon, 1285–1345, p. 220. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521524547.
  21. ^ a b "The Canonization of Saint Thomas Aquinas", by Leonardas Gerulaitis, Vivarium 5:25–46 (1967)
  22. ^ Mortimer, Ian (2010). The Greatest Traitor. Vintage Books. p. 109. ISBN 9780099552222.
  23. ^ Fine, John V. A. Jr. (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest, p. 263. University Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08260-4.
  24. ^ Costain, Thomas B (1958). The Three Edwards, pp. 193–195. The Pageant of England, New York: Doubleday and Company.
  25. ^ McKisack, May (1959). The Fourteenth Century 1307–1399, p. 64. Oxford History of England. London: Oxford University Press.
  26. ^ Emery, Anthony (2006). "Southern England". Greater Medieval Houses of England and Wales 1300–1500, p. 305. London: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-58132-5.
  27. ^ Cronaca della nobilissima famiglia Pico scritta da autore anonimo (Tipografia di Gaetano Cagarelli, 1875) p. 154
  28. ^ Paul Doherty, Isabella and the Strange Death of Edward II (Robinson, 2003) p.86
  29. ^ Kathryn Warner, Edward II: The Unconventional King (Amberley Publishing, 2014) p.152
  30. ^ Pompilio Pozzetti, Lettere Mirandolesi scritte al conte Ottavio Greco, Vol. 3 (Tipografia di Torreggiani e compagno, 1835) p.40
  31. ^ Nicol, Donald M. (1993). The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453 (second ed.), p. 157. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43991-6.
  32. ^ Fine, John V. A. Jr. (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest, p. 251. University Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08260-4.
  33. ^ Bartusis, Mark C. (1997). The Late Byzantine Army: Arms and Society 1204–1453, p. 87. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-1620-2.
  34. ^ Kazhdan, Alexander (1991). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, p. 1997. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-504652-8.
  35. ^ "Italian". The University of Edinburgh. Archived from the original on January 16, 2018. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
  36. ^ Hubbard, David Allan (1956). The Literary Sources of the Kebra Negast, p. 352. University of St. Andrews.
  37. ^ Fine, John V.A. Jr. (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest, p. 263. University Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08260-4.
  38. ^ Fergusson, Irvine (1902). A History of the family of Holland of Mobberley and Knutsford in the country of Chester, p. 11. Edinburgh: Ballantyne Press.
  39. ^ McKisack, May (1959). The Fourteenth Century: 1307–1399, pp. 66–67. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-821712-9.
  40. ^ "Badlesmere, Bartholomew, Baron", Encyclopædia Britannica, Vol. 3 (11th ed.)(Cambridge University Press, 1911) p.189
  41. ^ Echols, Anne and Marty Williams (1992). An Annotated Index of Medieval Women, p. 87. Princeton: Markus Wiener.
  42. ^ Jacob G. Ghazarian, The Armenian Kingdom in Cilicia During the Crusades (Curzon Press, 2000) pp. 73-77
  43. ^ "Della Torre, Pagano", in Dizionario biografico degli italiani (Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, 1989)
  44. ^ "Roman Horses, Enemy Horses and Writers: The Testimony of Historia Romana by Nikephoros Gregoras", by Alexia-Foteini Stamouli, in The Liminal Horse: Equitation and Boundaries, ed. by Rena Maguire and Anastasija Roja (Trivent Publishing, 2021) p. 142
  45. ^ a b Robert Kerr, History of Scotland during the Reign of Robert I, surnamed the Bruce (Brown & Crombie, 1811) pp.280-281
  46. ^ Echols, Anne and Marty Williams (1992). An Annotated Index of Medieval Woman, p. 328. Princeton: Markus Wiener.
  47. ^ Delbrück, Hans (1982). History of the Art of War, Volume III: Medieval Warfare, p. 541. University of Nebraska Press.
  48. ^ Armstrong, Pete 2002). Osprey: Bannockburn 1314 – Robert Bruce's great victory, p. 89. ISBN 1-85532-609-4.
  49. ^ Massimiliano Traversino Di Cristo, Against the Backdrop of Sovereignty and Absolutism: The Theology of God's Power and Its Bearing on the Western Legal Tradition, 1100–1600 (Brill, 2022) p.75
  50. ^ Fine, John V.A. Jr. (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest, p. 212. University Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08260-4.
  51. ^ Geoffrey Barrow, Robert Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland (Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1965) pp. 351-353
  52. ^ a b c Sir Herbert Maxwell, The Chronicle of Lanercost, 1272-1346: Translated with Notes (J. Maclehose and Sons, 1913) pp. 250-252
  53. ^ a b "Bonagratia of Bergamo", The Catholic Encyclopedia (Robert Appleton Company, 1907)
  54. ^ a b Snyder, Timothy (2003). The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999, pp. 92–93. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-10586-5.
  55. ^ Arthur L. Herman (2021). The Viking Heart: How Scandinavians Conquered the World, pp. 176–178. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-1328595904.
  56. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica, p. 608. Eleventh Edition, Vol. XIII, Ed. Hugh Chisholm (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1910).
  57. ^ Richard M. Eaton (2005). A Social History of the Deccan, 1300–1761, p. 21. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521254847.
  58. ^ Francesco Cesare Casula, Il Regno di Sardegna (Logus mondi interattivi,2012)
  59. ^ Pete Armstrong (2002). Osprey: Bannockburn 1314 – Robert Bruce's great victory, p. 89. ISBN 1-85532-609-4.
  60. ^ a b Hywel Williams (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 158. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
  61. ^ O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (1975). A History of Medieval Spain, p. 408. Cornell University Press.
  62. ^ Hampden, Renn Dickson (1848). "The Life of Thomas Aquinas: A Dissertation of the Scholastic Philosophy of the Middle Ages". Encyclopædia Metropolitana. London: John J. Griffin & Co. p. 54.
  63. ^ Jensen, Kurt Villads (2019). Ristiretket, p. 280. Turku: Turun Historiallinen Yhdistys. ISBN 978-952-7045-09-1.
  64. ^ Kathryn Warner, Edward II: The Unconventional King (Amberley Publishing, 2014)
  65. ^ William H. TeBrake (1993). A Plague of Insurrection: Popular Politics and Peasant Revolt in Flanders, 1323–1328. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-3241-0.
  66. ^ Natalie Fryde, The Tyranny and Fall of Edward II 1321-1326 (Cambridge University Press, 2004) pp.162-163
  67. ^ Roy Martin Haines, King Edward II: Edward of Caernarfon, His Life, His Reign and Its Aftermath 1284—1330 (McGill-Queen's University Press, 2003) pp. 315-321, 509
  68. ^ O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (1975). A History of Medieval Spain, p. 408. Cornell University Press.
  69. ^ Casula, Francesco Cesare (1994). La storia di Sardegna: L'evo moderno e contemporaneo (in Italian), p. 343. Delfino. ISBN 88-7138-063-0.
  70. ^ a b Anthony K. Cassell, The Monarchia Controversy (Catholic University of America Press. 2004) p.35
  71. ^ George Hill, A History of Cyprus (Cambridge University Press, 1948) p.283
  72. ^ Donald M. Nicol, Byzantium and Venice: A Study in Diplomatic and Cultural Relations (Cambridge University Press, 1992) p.248
  73. ^ Jonathan Sumption, The Hundred Years War, Volume 1: Trial by Battle (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999) p.94-95
  74. ^ Stephen Spinks, Robert the Bruce: Champion of a Nation (Amberley Publishing, 2019)
  75. ^ Gerhard Heitz and Henning Rischer, Geschichte in Daten. Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (Koehler & Amelang, 1995), p.180
  76. ^ David d'Avray, Papacy, Monarchy and Marriage 860–1600 (Cambridge University Press, 2015) p.232
  77. ^ Michael A. Gomez, African Dominion: A New History of Empire in Early and Medieval West Africa (Princeton University Press, 2018) p.114
  78. ^ a b Nehemia Levtzion and John F. P. Hopkins, eds., Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West Africa (Marcus Weiner Press, 1981) p.355
  79. ^ István Vásáry, Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365 (Cambridge University Press, 2005) p.149
  80. ^ "Erik, o. 1307—1332", by Johannes C. H. R. Steenstrup, in Dansk biografisk Lexikon Volume IV (Clemens - Eynden), ed. by Carl Frederik Bricka (Gyldendalske Boghandels Forlag, 1890) p. 554
  81. ^ Henry Charles Shelley, Majorca (Methuen & Company, 1926) pp. 42–45, 187
  82. ^ Philip Daileader, True Citizens: Violence, Memory, and Identity in the Medieval Community of Perpignan, 1162-1397 (BRILL, 2000) p.105
  83. ^ Kelly de Vries and Robert Douglas Smith (2012). Medieval Military Technology, p. 138, (2nd edit). University of Toronto Press.
  84. ^ "Edmund of Woodstock, Earl of Kent (1301–1330): a study of personal loyalty", by Penny Lawne, in Fourteenth Century England, ed. by Chris Given-Wilson (Boydell & Brewer, 2010) p.34
  85. ^ Sharon Davidson and John O. Ward, The Sorcery Trial of Alice Kyteler: A Contemporary Account (Pegasus Press, 2004)
  86. ^ Massimiliano Traversino di Cristo, Against the Backdrop of Sovereignty and Absolutism: The Theology of God's Power and Its Bearing on the Western Legal Tradition, 1100–1600 (Brill, 2022) p.75
  87. ^ Brian Tierney, Origins of Papal Infallibility, 1150-1350 (E. J. Brill, 1972) p.186
  88. ^ "Carrara, Giacomo da", in Biografico degli Italiani, 1977, ed. by M. Chiara Ganguzza Billanovich (1977)
  89. ^ Rogers, Clifford (2010). The Oxford Encyclopaedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology, p. 261. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195334036.
  90. ^ Hywel Williams (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 158. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
  91. ^ Olson, Roger E. (1999). The Story of Christian Theology, p. 350. ISBN 0-8308-1505-8.
  92. ^ a b Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2013). A History of Medieval Spain, p. 149, 456-458. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-6871-1.
  93. ^ Hywel Williams (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 158. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
  94. ^ Lawne, Penny (2010). "Edmund of Woodstock, Earl of Kent (1301–1330): a study of personal loyalty", in Fourteenth Century England, Volume VI (Boydell & Brewer, 2010) p.35
  95. ^ Kathryn Warner, Hugh Despenser the Younger and Edward II: Downfall of a King's Favourite (Pen & Sword Books, 2018)
  96. ^ a b "Fraticelli", by Michael Bihl, in The Catholic Encyclopedia online, NewAdvent.org
  97. ^ "Heinrich II., der Löwe, Fürst von Mecklenburg", by Ludwig Fromm, in Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (Duncker & Humblot, 1880) pp. 541–542
  98. ^ "Eberhard der Erlauchte", by Paul Friedrich von Stälin, in Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, vol. 5 (Duncker & Humblot, 1877) pp.554–555
  99. ^ Dunn, Ross E. (2005). The Adventures of Ibn Battuta, p. 30. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24385-9.
  100. ^ O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (2011). The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait, p. 149. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-0463-6.
  101. ^ Nicolle, David (2012). Osprey: European Medieval Tactics (2): New Infantry, New Weapons 1260–1500, p. 23. ISBN 978-1849087391.
  102. ^ Juan Torres Fontes, "Evolución del Concejo de Murcia en la Edad Media", Murgetana (1987) pp. 21–22
  103. ^ Tuck, Anthony (1985). Crown and Nobility 1272–1461: Political Conflict in Late Medieval England, p. 88. London: Fontana. ISBN 0-00-686084-2.
  104. ^ Prestwich, Michael C. (1980). The Three Edwards: War and State in England 1272–1377, p. 216. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-77730-0.
  105. ^ Mortimer, Ian (2006). The Perfect King: The Life of Edward III, Father of the English Nation, p. 46. London: Jonathan Cape. ISBN 0-224-07301-X.
  106. ^ William Stubbs, The Constitutional History of England, in Its Origin and Development (Clarendon Press, 1875) p.358
  107. ^ Paul Doherty, Isabella and the Strange Death of Edward II (Little, Brown Book Group, 2013)
  108. ^ Christopher Kleinhenz (2004). Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia Routledge Encyclopedias of the Middle Ages, p. 507. Routledge. ISBN 1135948801.
  109. ^ James D. Tracy (2002). Emperor Charles V, Impresario of War: Campaign Strategy, International Finance and Domestic Politics, p. 39. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521814316.
  110. ^ Agnes Strickland, Lives of the Queens of England: From the Norman Conquest (George Bell and Sons, 1882) pp.96-97
  111. ^ Rannie, David (1900). Oriel College. University of Oxford College Histories. London: F.E. Robinson & Co.
  112. ^ Carlyle, Thomas (2010). The Works of Thomas Carlyle, pp. 128–129. Volume 3. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781108022354.
  113. ^ Nolan, Cathal J. (2006). The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000–1650: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization, pp. 100–101. Volume 1. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313337338.
  114. ^ Rogers, Clifford (2010). The Oxford Encyclopaedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology, p. 261. Volume 1. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195334036.
  115. ^ Tebrake, William H. (1993). A Plague of Insurrection: Popular Politics and Peasant Revolt in Flanders, 1323–1328, p. 98. University of Pennsylvania Press.
  116. ^ Stephen Boardman, The Early Stewart Kings: Robert II and Robert III, 1371–1406 (Birlinn, 2007) p.3
  117. ^ a b H.A.R. Gibb, The Travels of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, A.D. 1325–1354 (Hakluyt Society, 1958)
  118. ^ "Edward III marriage contract auctioned". BBC History Magazine (May 2019). BBC: 13.
  119. ^ "BBC - Radio 4 - This Sceptred Isle - Isabella and Mortimer". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  120. ^ Weir, Alison (2006). Queen Isabella: She-Wolf of France, Queen of England, p. 234. London: Pimlico Books. ISBN 978-0-7126-4194-4.
  121. ^ Hywel Williams (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 158. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
  122. ^ Ingeborg Lohfink: Vorpommern – Begegnung mit dem Land am Meer. Hinstorff Verlag, Rostock, 1991. ISBN 3-356-00418-2.
  123. ^ Defrémery, C.; Sanguinetti, B.R., eds. (1853). Voyages d'Ibn Batoutah (Volume 1), p. 27. Paris: Société Asiatic.
  124. ^ a b Miguel Angel Manzano Rodríguez, La intervención de los Benimerines en la Península Ibérica (Editorial CSIC, 1992) p.350
  125. ^ Mortimer, Ian (2006). The Perfect King: The Life of Edward III, Father of the English Nation, p. 54. London: Jonathan Cape. ISBN 0-224-07301-X.
  126. ^ "History of Burma: A.D. 1300–1400", by Than Tun, Journal of the Burma Research Society (December 1959)
  127. ^ Július Bartl, et al., Slovak History: Chronology & Lexicon (Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, 2002) p.38
  128. ^ Neillands, Robin (2001). The Hundred Years' War, p. 32. London: Routledge. ISBN 9780415261319.
  129. ^ Phillips, Seymour (2011). Edward II, p. 542–543. New Haven CT & London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17802-9.
  130. ^ Raphael Holinshed, ed., Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1587)
  131. ^ "Monarchy, Martyrdom and Masculinity: England in the Later Middle Ages", by W. Mark Ormrod, in Holiness and Masculinity in the Middle Ages (University of Wales Press, 2004) pp. 174–191
  132. ^ Hywel Williams (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 159. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
  133. ^ E. B. Fryde, et al., Handbook of British Chronology (Cambridge University Press, 1996) p.233
  134. ^ Alison Weir, Queen Isabella: Treachery, Adultery and Murder in Medieval England (Ballantine 2005) p.306
  135. ^ "Consistories for the creation of Cardinals 14th Century (1303-1404): John XXII (1316-1334)", in The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, by Salvador Miranda (Florida International University, 1998)
  136. ^ "Anatolia under the Mongols", in The Cambridge History of Turkey, ed. by Charles Melville and Kate Fleet (Cambridge University Press, 2009)
  137. ^ "How to Downsize a Transport Network: The Chinese Wheelbarrow". LOW-TECH MAGAZINE.
  138. ^ Putnam, George P.; Perkins, F. B., eds. (1878). "Queens of England". The World's Progress: A Dictionary of Dates. G. P. Putnam's Sons. p. 555.
  139. ^ FlikeNoir (2020-04-18). "Chapter III; King Robert the Bruce, 1314-1329, 15 years, pp.26-32". Random Scottish History. Retrieved 2024-01-07.
  140. ^ "Historie". Augustiner-Bräu München. Retrieved 2019-04-13.
  141. ^ Batūra, Romas (2005). "Laukuvos žemė Medvėgalio prieigų gynyboje XIV amžiuje" (PDF). Laukuva. Lietuvos valsčiai. Vol. I. Versmė. pp. 186–187. ISBN 9789955589013.
  142. ^ F. Lydon, James (1977). Journal of the County Louth Archaeological and Historical Society, Volume 19, No.1. Journal of the County Louth Archaeological and History Society. pp. 5–10. JSTOR 27729435.
  143. ^ Bartusis, Marc C. The Late Byzantine Army: Arms and Society, 1204–1453, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1997.
  144. ^ Dreyer, Edward (1982). Early Ming China: A Political History. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-1105-4.
  145. ^ Fögen, Marie Theres (1991). "Harmenopoulos, Constantine". In Kazhdan, Alexander (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, p. 902. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-504652-8.
  146. ^ Marko, Laszlo (2006). The High Officers of the Hungarian State from Saint Stephen to the Present Days – A Biographical Encyclopedia (2nd edition), p. 253. Budapest; ISBN 963-547-085-1.
  147. ^ Ashley, Mike (1999). The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens, p. 551. London: Robinson Publishers. ISBN 1-84119-096-9.
  148. ^ Peter Allan Lorge (2005). War, Politics and Society in Early Modern China, 900–1795, p. 101. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780415316910.
  149. ^ Vale, Malcolm (2002). The Princely Court: Medieval Courts and Culture in North-West Europe, 1270–1380, pp. 194–195. Oxford University Press.
  150. ^ Marco Innocenti (2001). "Nikolaus von Luxemburg". In Bautz, Traugott (ed.). Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). Vol. 18. Herzberg: Bautz col. 1344–1346. ISBN 3-88309-086-7.
  151. ^ "David II | king of Scotland". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
  152. ^ David J. Wasserstein (2013). Mamluks and Ottomans Studies in Honour of Michael Winter, p. 107. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781136579240.
  153. ^ Crowley, Roger (2011). City of Fortune - How Venice Won and lost a Naval Empire. London; Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-24594-9.
  154. ^ Gunn, Geoffrey C. (2018). Overcoming Ptolemy: The Revelation of an Asian World Region, p. 67. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-4985-9014-3.
  155. ^ Robert, Sebastian (2020). Die Königin im Zentrum der Macht. Reginale Herrschaft in der Krone Aragón am Beispiel Eleonores von Sizilien (1349–1375). Berlin: de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-064081-6.
  156. ^ Walther Möller. Stammtafeln westdeutscher Adelsgeschlechter im Mittelalter, p. 14. Volume 1. (Darmstadt, 1922, reprint Verlag Degener & Co, 1995).
  157. ^ Douglas L. Wheeler; Walter C. Opello (2010). Historical dictionary of Portugal (3rd ed.), p. 78. Lanham, Md; Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-08108-7075-8.
  158. ^ Casteen, Elizabeth (2015). From She-Wolf to Martyr: The Reign and Disputed Reputation of Johanna I of Naples, p. 203. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-5386-1.
  159. ^ Gorski, Richard (2012). Roles of the Sea in Medieval England, p. 84. Boydell Press. ISBN 9781843837015.
  160. ^ "Louis I | king of Hungary". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  161. ^ Janet Martin (1995). Medieval Russia, 990–1584. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-36832-4.
  162. ^ "Ivan II | Russian prince". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  163. ^ Cox, Eugene L. (1967). The Green Count of Savoy, pp. 60–61. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  164. ^ Scott-Stokes, Charity; Given-Wilson, Chris, eds. (2008). Chronicon Anonymi Cantuariensis, p. 29. Oxford University Press.
  165. ^ Martin Wehrmann (1919). Geschichte von Pommern, Vol 1, second edition. Verlag: Friedrich Andreas Perthes, Gotha. Reprinted: Augsburg, 1992. ISBN 3-89350-112-6.
  166. ^ Childs, Wendy R. (February 3, 2005). Vita Edwardi Secundi. Clarendon Press. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-19-151530-9.
  167. ^ Friedrich Wilhelm Barthold. "Minnelieder des Grafen Wernher von Homberg" in: Der Römerzug König Heinrichs von Lützelburg, pp. 72–80. Vol.2. (1831)
  168. ^ Jackson, Peter (2016). The Mongols and the West, 1221–1410, p. 176. Pearson Education Ltd. ISBN 0-582-36896-0.
  169. ^ Doyle, J. W. E. (1886). The Official Baronage of England: Showing the Succession, Dignities, and Offices of Every Peer from 1066 to 1885, with Sixteen Hundred Illustrations (Vol. 3). Longmans, Green.
  170. ^ "Dante Alighieri | Biography, Poems, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
  171. ^ Curta, Florin (2019). Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages (500–1300), pp.667–68. Leiden and Boston: Brill. ISBN 9789004395190.
  172. ^ Webster, Jason (2009). Sacred Sierra: A Year on a Spanish Mountain, pp. 198–202. London: Chatton & Windus. ISBN 978-0-7011-8157-4.
  173. ^ Vollert, Cyril O. (1947). Doctrine of Hervaeus Natalis, pp. 112–113. Gregorian Biblical BookShop. ISBN 9788876520242.
  174. ^ Robinson, Paschal (1910). "Blessed John of Fermo". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  175. ^ Allsen, Thomas T. (2001). Culture and Conquest in Mongol Eurasia, p. 38. Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-80335-9.
  176. ^ Michael Tilly (1990). "Hugo de Novocastro". In Bautz, Friedrich Wilhelm (ed.). Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). Vol. 2. Hamm: Bautz. col. 1144. ISBN 3-88309-032-8.
  177. ^ Laiou, Angeliki E. (1972). Constantinople and the Latins: the foreign policy of Andronicus II, 1282–1328, p. 251. Harvard University Press.
  178. ^ Del Valle Curieses, Rafael (2000). Maria de Molina: el soberano ejercicio de la concordia: (1260–1321). Madrid: Alderabán. ISBN 84-95414-03-1.
  179. ^ Zhao, George Qingzhi (2008). Marriage as Political Strategy and Cultural Expression: Mongolian Royal Marriages from World Empire to Yuan Dynasty, p. 246. Peter Lang. ISBN 978-1-4331-0275-2.
  180. ^ Talbot, Alice-Mary (1991). "Theoleptos". In Kazhdan, Alexander (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, pp. 2056–57. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6.
  181. ^ Herbermann, Charles (1913). "Berenger Fredol". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  182. ^ Charles Clay; Diana E. Greenway (2013). Early Yorkshire Families, p. 39. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-05837-7.
  183. ^ Wright, Thomas (1864). The Roll of arms of the princes, barons, and knights who attended King Edward I. at the Siege of Caerlaverock in 1300, PP. 2–3. London: J.C. Hotten.
  184. ^ Menéndez Pidal de Navascués, Faustino (1982). Instituto Luis de Salazar y Castro (ed.). Heráldica medieval espyearla. Volumen I: La Casa Real de Castilla y León. Hidalguía. ISBN 8400051505.
  185. ^ Heirman, Ann; Meinert, Carmen; Anderl, Christoph (2018). Buddhist Encounters and Identities Across East Asia, p. 208. BRILL. ISBN 978-9004366152.
  186. ^ Leonore Bazinek (1993). "Natalis, Hervaeus". In Bautz, Traugott (ed.). Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). Vol. 6. Herzberg: Bautz. cols. 468–474. ISBN 3-88309-044-1.
  187. ^ Sarton, George (1947). Introduction to the History of Science, p. 1009. Vol. 3.
  188. ^ Philippe Le Bel et la Noblesse Franc-Comtoise, p. 9. Frantz Funck-Brentano, Bibliothèque de I'École des chartes, Vol. 49 (1888).
  189. ^ Nicol, Donald M. (1984). The Despotate of Epiros, 1267–1479: A Contribution to the History of Greece in the Middle Ages, pp. 91–92. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-13089-9.
  190. ^ Lauer, Uta (2002). A Master of His Own: The Calligraphy of the Chan Abbot Zhongfeng Mingben (1262–1323), p. 52. Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 9783515079327.
  191. ^ Peter W. Edbury, The Kingdom of Cyprus and the Crusades, 1191-1374 (Cambridge University Press, 1991) p.141 ("Henry II died before dawn on 31 March 1324 at Strovolos."
  192. ^ Philips, J. R. S. (1972). Aymer de Valence, Earl of Pembroke, 1307–1324: baronial politics in the reign of Edward II, pp. 311–312. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-822359-5.
  193. ^ Ponsonby-Fane, Richard (1959). The Imperial House of Japan, p. 422.
  194. ^ John Kenneth Hyde (1973). Society and Politics in Medieval Italy: The Evolution of the Civil Life, 1000–1350, p. 193. (St. Martin's Press).
  195. ^ Engel, Pál (1996). Magyarország világi archontológiája, 1301–1457, p. 122. [Secular Archontology of Hungary, 1301–1457, Volume I] (in Hungarian). História, MTA Történettudományi Intézete. ISBN 963-8312-44-0.
  196. ^ Murphey, Rhoads (2008). Exploring Ottoman Sovereignty: Tradition, Image and Practice in the Ottoman Imperial Household, 1400–1800, p. 24. London: Continuum. ISBN 978-1-84725-220-3.
  197. ^ Daileader, Philip (2000). True Citizens: Violence, Memory, and Identity in the Medieval Community of Perpignan, 1162–1397, p. 105. BRILL. ISBN 9004115714.
  198. ^ Sarfaty, David E. (2010). Columbus Re-Discovered, p. 86. Dorrance Publishing. ISBN 978-1434997500.
  199. ^ Makay, Ronan (2010). "Burgh, William Liath de". Dictionary of Irish Biography from the Earliest Times to the Year 2002, pp. 18–19. Cambridge University Press.
  200. ^ Schimmel, Annemarie (1975). Mystical Dimensions of Islam, p. 348. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-1271-4.
  201. ^ Howard de Walden, Thomas (1904). Some Feudal Lords and their Seals, pp. 9–10. London: de Walden Library.
  202. ^ Han Young Woo (2010). Ancient Goryeo Era: A Review of Korean History, p. 370. Volume 1. Kyongsaewon Publishing Company. ISBN 978-89-8341-091-7.
  203. ^ Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; I. (1996). Handbook of British Chronology, p. 86 (Third revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56350-X.
  204. ^ O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (2013). A History of Medieval Spain, p. 456. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-6872-8.
  205. ^ Nicolas, N. Harris (1829). A Roll of Arms of the Reign of Edward the Second, p. 115. London (retrieved 6 June 2014).
  206. ^ Heine, Steven (2008). Zen Skin, Zen Marrow: Will the Real Zen Buddhism Please Stand Up?, p. 88. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-532677-2.
  207. ^ Lewis, P. S. (1965). "War, Propaganda and Historiography in Fifteenth-Century France and England", Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, p. 20. Cambridge University Press.
  208. ^ Topping, Peter (1975). "The Morea, 1311–1364" In Setton, Kenneth M.; Hazard, Harry W. (eds.). A History of the Crusades, Volume III: The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries, p. 109. ISBN 0-299-06670-3.
  209. ^ Madelung, Wilferd (1988). "Baduspanids". Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition. Volume III, Fasc. 4, pp. 385–391. New York.
  210. ^ Fine, John van Antwerp Jr. (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest, p. 262. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-08260-5.
  211. ^ Richard Barber (2002). The Companion Guide to Gascony and the Dordogne, p. 148.
  212. ^ S. J. Payling (2004). "Willoughby, Sir Richard (c. 1290–1362)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online edition, accessed 20 November 2021.
  213. ^ Dowden, John (1912). The Bishops of Scotland, p. 214. ed. J. Maitland Thomson.
  214. ^ Fryde, Natalie (1979). The tyranny and fall of Edward II 1321–1326. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521222013.
  215. ^ Wurzbach, Constantin von (1860). "Habsburg, Leopold I. der Glorreiche". In Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich, p. 409. Vienna: Kaiserlich-Königliche Hof- und Staatsdruckerei.
  216. ^ Oakes, Elizabeth H. (2007). Encyclopedia of world scientists (Rev. ed.). New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-1438118826.
  217. ^ Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric and Käthe Roth (2005). Japan Encyclopedia, p. 561. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5.
  218. ^ Alexander Rose (2002). Kings in the North the House of Percy in British History, p. 213. ISBN 1-84212-485-4.
  219. ^ Labarge, Margaret Wade (1980). Gascony, England's First Colony 1204–1453. London: Hamish Hamilton.
  220. ^ Šapoka, Adolfas (1937). "Dovydas". In Vaclovas Biržiška (ed.). Lietuviškoji enciklopedija, pp. 1334–1336 (in Lithuanian). Vol. 6. Kaunas: Spaudos Fondas.
  221. ^ McNamee, Colm (2006). The Wars of the Bruces: Scotland, England and Ireland 1306–1328, pp. 51–52. ISBN 0859766535.
  222. ^ Beasley, AW (1982). "Orthopaedic aspects of mediaeval medicine". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, pp. 970–975.
  223. ^ "Edward II of England: Biography on Undiscovered Scotland". www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk. Retrieved 14 February 2020.
  224. ^ "Undiscovered Scotland: Timeline of Scottish History: 1300 to 1350". www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
  225. ^ Robin Neillands (2001). The Hundred Years War. Psychology Press. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-415-26131-9.
  226. ^ TeBrake, William H. (1993). A Plague of Insurrection: Popular Politics and Peasant Revolt in Flanders, 1323-1328. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-3241-0.
  227. ^ Aḥmad ibn ʻAbd al-Ḥalīm Ibn Taymīyah (2009). Kitab Al-Iman: Book of Faith. The Other Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-967-5062-29-2.
  228. ^ Plantagenet Ancestry: A Study In Colonial And Medieval Families, 2nd Edition, 2011. Douglas Richardson. p. 126. ISBN 978-1-4610-4513-7.

By using this platform, you agree to the Terms of Use ©2020 Knowpia