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1880 in science 
Summary
The year 1880 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed here.
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Astronomy edit
- September 30 – American doctor Henry Draper takes the first photograph of the Orion Nebula, from Hastings-on-Hudson, New York; this year he also photographs the spectrum of Jupiter.
Mathematics edit
- F. Landry finds the largest known Fermat prime, 65537.
- John Venn popularises Venn diagrams.[1][2]
Medicine edit
- Moritz Kaposi publishes Pathologie und Therapie der Hautkrankheiten in Vorlesungen für praktische Ärzte und Studierende ("Pathology and treatment of diseases of the skin, for practitioners and students"), a significant textbook in dermatology.[3]
- German professor of pathology Karl Eberth first visualizes the bacteria which will become known as Salmonella in the Peyer's patches and spleens of typhoid patients.[4]
- English surgeon Sampson Gamgee reports on his use of the medical dressing Gamgee Tissue.[5]
- Scottish surgeon William Macewen reports on his use of orotracheal intubation as an alternative to tracheotomy.[6]
Physics edit
- February 13 – Thomas Edison observes the Edison effect.
- The first demonstration of the direct piezoelectric effect is made by the brothers Pierre Curie and Jacques Curie.[7]
- Johannes Diderik van der Waals formulates the Law of Corresponding States.
Technology edit
- February 19 – The photophone, an optical speech transmission system, is invented by Alexander Graham Bell and Charles Sumner Tainter in Washington, D.C.
- Dugald Clerk builds the first successful two-stroke engine.[8]
Publications edit
- February – The journal Science is first published in the United States with financial backing from Thomas Edison.
- Start of publication of Report Of The Scientific Results of the Exploring Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-76.
Awards edit
Births edit
- January 18 – Paul Ehrenfest (died 1933), Austrian physicist and mathematician.
- January 22 – Frigyes Riesz (died 1956), Hungarian mathematician.
- February 17 – Reginald Farrer (died 1920), English botanist.
- June 21 – Arnold Gesell (died 1961), American developmental psychologist.
- June 24 – Oswald Veblen (died 1960), American mathematician.
- August 17 – Paul Kammerer (died 1926), Austrian Lamarckian biologist.
- October 15 – Marie Stopes (died 1958), English paleobotanist and pioneer of birth control.
Deaths edit
- January 9 – William Budd (born 1811), English physician and epidemiologist.
- May 6 – Friedrich Bayer (born 1825), German manufacturing chemist.
- July 9 – Paul Broca (born 1824), French anthropologist.
- October 5 – William Lassell (born 1799), English astronomer (died 1880)
- December 31
- Eric Holmes (born 1821), British chemist.
- John Stenhouse (born 1809), Scottish chemist.
References edit
- ^ Venn, John (July 1880). "I. On the Diagrammatic and Mechanical Representation of Propositions and Reasonings" (PDF). The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 5. 10 (59): 1–18. doi:10.1080/14786448008626877. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-05-16. [1] [2]
- ^ Sandifer, Ed (2003). "How Euler Did It" (PDF). MAA Online. The Mathematical Association of America (MAA). Retrieved 2009-10-26.
- ^ Holubar, Karl; Fatovic-Ferencic, Stella. "Moriz Kaposi 1837-1902: a historical reappraisal". Archived from the original on 2007-05-07. Retrieved 2011-03-25.
- ^ Eberth, C. J. (1880-07-01). "Die Organismen in den Organen bei Typhus abdominalis". Archiv für Pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für Klinische Medicin (in German). 81 (1): 58–74. doi:10.1007/BF01995472. ISSN 0720-8723. S2CID 6979333.
- ^ Gamgee, J. S. (1880-01-24). "Absorbent and medicated surgical dressings". The Lancet. 115 (2943): 127–128. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)36703-5.
- ^ Macewen, William (1880-07-24). "Clinical Observations on the Introduction of Tracheal Tubes by the Mouth, Instead of Performing Tracheotomy or Laryngotomy". The British Medical Journal. 2 (1021): 122–4. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.1021.122. JSTOR 25254413. PMC 2241154. PMID 20749630.; Macewen, William (1880-07-31). "Clinical Observations on the Introduction of Tracheal Tubes by the Mouth, Instead of Performing Tracheotomy or Laryngotomy". BMJ. 2 (1022): 163–5. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.1022.163. JSTOR 25254466. PMC 2241109. PMID 20749636.
- ^ Curie, Jacques; Pierre (1880) "Développement par compression de l’électricité polaire dans les cristaux hémièdres à faces inclinées" [Development, via compression, of electric polarization in hemihedral crystals with inclined faces], Bulletin de la Société minérologique de France 3: 90-93. Reprinted in: Curie, Jacques; Pierre (1880) "Développement, par pression, de l’électricité polaire dans les cristaux hémièdres à faces inclinées", Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences 91: 294-295. See also: Curie, Jacques; Pierre (1880) "Sur l’électricité polaire dans les cristaux hémièdres à faces inclinées" [On electric polarization in hemihedral crystals with inclined faces], Comptes rendus 91: 383-386.
- ^ Boothroyd, David. "Forgotten Hero: The man who invented the two-stroke engine". The VU. Archived from the original on 2004-12-15. Retrieved 2005-01-19.
- ^ "Copley Medal | British scientific award". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 23 July 2020.