Summary
The 1918 United States Senate special election in Wisconsin was held on April 2, 1918. Incumbent Democrat Senator Paul O. Husting was killed in a hunting accident the previous year.
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 Results by county Lenroot: 30–40% 40–50% 50–60% 60–70% Davies: 30–40% 40–50% 50–60% Berger: 30–40% 40–50% 50–60% | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Republican U.S. Representative Irvine Lenroot defeated Democratic Federal Trade Commission Chairman Joseph E. Davies and Socialist former Congressman Victor L. Berger.
Primary elections were held on March 19.[1] Davies easily defeated progressive reformer Charles McCarthy for the Democratic nomination, while Lenroot narrowly defeated James Thompson, a progressive district attorney and ally of Senator Robert M. La Follette, for the Republican nomination by a margin of less than three thousand votes.
Background edit
Incumbent Senator Paul O. Husting was shot and killed by his brother Gustav in a hunting accident on October 21, 1917.[2] Husting had been elected in 1914 and his term in office was set to expire in 1921.
A special election to complete Husting's unexpired term was scheduled for April 2, 1918. Although Governor Emanuel L. Philipp had the power under Wisconsin law to appoint a temporary successor until one could be duly elected,[2] the seat remained vacant until the election.
The election held national importance because following Husting's death, the United States Senate was composed of 48 Republicans and 47 Democrats. Thus, whichever party won the Wisconsin special election would control the Senate for the remainder of the 65th United States Congress.[a] The election was also held during wartime, as the United States had formally entered into World War I on April 6, 1917 and major U.S. operations in Europe were set to begin in the summer of 1918. Wisconsin, a state long defined by its progressive politics and home to a large ethnically German population, had been branded a "hotbed of sedition."[3]
Democratic primary edit
Candidates edit
- Joseph E. Davies, chair of the Federal Trade Commission
- Charles McCarthy, progressive author of the Wisconsin Idea and aide to Herbert Hoover
Campaign edit
Joseph E. Davies ran at the personal request of President Woodrow Wilson, who hoped to win the seat and thus control of the Senate for his party. Davies, who had run Wilson's campaign in the Midwest in 1916, resigned from the new Federal Trade Commission to join the race.[4]
Results edit
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Joseph E. Davies | 57,282 | 80.60% | |
| Democratic | Charles McCarthy | 13,784 | 19.40% | |
| Total votes | 71,066 | 100.00% | ||
Republican primary edit
Candidates edit
- Irvine Lenroot, U.S. Representative from Superior
- James Thompson, former La Crosse County district attorney[1]
Results edit
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Irvine Lenroot | 73,186 | 50.84% | |
| Republican | James Thompson | 70,772 | 49.16% | |
| Total votes | 143,958 | 100.00% | ||
Socialist primary edit
Candidates edit
- Victor Berger, former U.S. Representative from Milwaukee
Campaign edit
Berger, a leader of the Socialist Party in Milwaukee and of its national pragmatic wing, faced no opposition from within his party for the nomination for Senator. For him, most of the primary campaign was focused on opposition from federal law enforcement. Berger dismissed the war as "a capitalist war caused chiefly by the struggle between Great Britain and Germany for the world market"[3] and published several editorials opposing American entry in his newspaper, the Milwaukee Leader. In the fall of 1917, federal authorities revoked the Leader's second-class mailing privileges.[3]
Shortly before the primary in February, Berger and three other Socialists were indicted for alleged violations of the Espionage Act. Nevertheless, he remained in the race and advanced to the general election.[3]
Results edit
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Socialist | Victor Berger | 38,564 | 100.00% | |
| Total votes | 38,564 | 100.00% | ||
General election edit
Candidates edit
- Irvine Lenroot, U.S. Representative from Superior (Republican)
- Joseph E. Davies, chair of the Federal Trade Commission (Democratic)
- Victor L. Berger, former U.S. Representative from Milwaukee (Socialist)
- Anthony J. Benjamin (Prohibition)
Campaign edit
Berger ran on the Socialist platform with his calls for protection of "freedom of speech, freedom of press and freedom of assemblage," which received increased attention in light of his indictment.[3] His Socialist platform also called for "an early, general, lasting and democratic peace," "compelling the profiteers of the war to pay the cost of the war," and "national ownership of trusts and ... public ownership of public utilities."[3]
Results edit
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Irvine Lenroot | 163,983 | 38.73 | |
| Democratic | Joseph E. Davies | 148,923 | 35.12 | |
| Socialist | Victor L. Berger | 110,487 | 26.09 | |
| Prohibition | Anthony J. Benjamin | 233 | 0.06 | |
| Write-in | Scattering | 371 | 0.06 | |
| Majority | 15,060 | 3.61 | ||
| Total votes | 423,997 | 100.00 | ||
| Republican gain from Democratic | ||||
References edit
- ^ Republicans would retain their majority with a victory, while Democrats would gain an effective majority by virtue of the tiebreaking vote of Vice President Thomas R. Marshall.
- ^ a b c "The Wisconsin Blue Book. 1919". wisc.edu. p. 45. Retrieved September 26, 2023.
- ^ a b "Husting is Killed by Brother in Hunt" (PDF). The New York Times. October 22, 1917. Retrieved September 26, 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f "Victor Berger Campaign Banner | Wisconsin Historical Museum Object – Feature Story". Wisconsin Historical Society. May 1, 2008. Retrieved September 26, 2023.
- ^ MacLean, Elizabeth Kimball (1992). Joseph E. Davies: Envoy to the Soviets. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers. pp. 9–12. ISBN 0-275-93580-9.
- ^ "The Wisconsin Blue Book. 1919". wisc.edu. p. 45. Retrieved September 26, 2023.
- ^ "The Wisconsin Blue Book. 1919". wisc.edu. p. 45. Retrieved September 26, 2023.
- ^ "The Wisconsin Blue Book. 1919". wisc.edu. Retrieved September 26, 2023.