1962 Canadian federal election

Summary

The 1962 Canadian federal election was held on June 18, 1962, to elect members of the House of Commons of Canada of the 25th Parliament of Canada. The governing Progressive Conservative (PC) Party won a plurality of seats in this election, and its majority government was reduced to a minority government.

1962 Canadian federal election

← 1958 June 18, 1962 1963 →

265 seats in the House of Commons
133 seats needed for a majority
Turnout79.0%[1] (Decrease0.4pp)
  First party Second party
 
Leader John Diefenbaker Lester B. Pearson
Party Progressive Conservative Liberal
Leader since December 14, 1956 January 16, 1958
Leader's seat Prince Albert Algoma East
Last election 208 seats, 53.66% 48 seats, 33.40%
Seats before 205 50
Seats won 116 99
Seat change Decrease89 Increase49
Popular vote 2,865,542 2,846,589
Percentage 37.22% 36.97%
Swing Decrease16.35pp Increase3.57pp

  Third party Fourth party
 
Leader Robert N. Thompson Tommy Douglas
Party Social Credit New Democratic
Leader since July 7, 1961 August 3, 1961
Leader's seat Red Deer ran in Regina City (lost)
Last election 0 seats, 2.59% 8 seats, 9.51% (as CCF)
Seats before 0 9
Seats won 30 19
Seat change Increase30 Increase10[a]
Popular vote 893,479 1,044,754
Percentage 11.61% 13.57%
Swing Increase9.02pp Increase4.06pp[b]


The Canadian parliament after the 1962 election

Prime Minister before election

John Diefenbaker
Progressive Conservative

Prime Minister after election

John Diefenbaker
Progressive Conservative

When the election was called, PC Prime Minister John Diefenbaker had governed for four years with the largest majority until then in the House of Commons in Canadian history.

This election reduced the PCs to a tenuous minority government as a result of economic difficulties such as high unemployment and a slumping Canadian dollar, as well as unpopular decisions such as the cancellation of the Avro Arrow. Despite the Diefenbaker government's difficulties, the Liberal Party, led by Lester B. Pearson, was unable to make up enough ground in the election to defeat the government. For Social Credit, routed from the Commons just four years earlier, this election proved to be their most successful ever since they would never better the 30 seats won; for example, they lost seats in 1963 despite gaining a slightly better share of the vote.

This was the first election in which all adult Canada's Indigenous Peoples had the right to vote after the passage on March 31, 1960 of a repeal of certain sections of the Canada Elections Act.[2]

For the first time ever, the entire land mass of Canada was covered by federal electoral districts (the former Mackenzie River riding was expanded to cover the entire Northwest Territories).

This was also the first general election contested by the New Democratic Party.

Overview edit

During its term of office, the Diefenbaker government had introduced reforms to social programs, a Canadian Bill of Rights, and other changes. The Tories tried to defend the decline in the Canadian dollar by pointing out the benefits to the tourism industry, exports, manufacturing and farming, and employment. They denied that the devaluation affected the price of bread, beef, gasoline and fruit and vegetables, saying that these prices were either set in Canada or were influenced by other factors.

The Liberals campaigned under the slogan, "Take a stand for tomorrow," and attempted to portray the Diefenbaker government as "feeble," with a divided cabinet. The Liberals criticized the PCs for their "reckless mismanagement of finances," the slowdown in the Canadian economy, a lack of confidence in government policies, job losses, and a lower standard of living than in 1956. The Liberals also argued that the steep devaluation in the Canadian dollar was increasing the cost of living for Canadians.

The 1962 election was the first contested by the social democratic New Democratic Party, which had been formed from an alliance between the old Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) and the Canadian Labour Congress. The party chose longtime Premier of Saskatchewan Tommy Douglas as its first leader. The new party recovered ground lost by the CCF in the 1958 federal election, when it was nearly wiped out. It won almost 50% more votes than the CCF had ever managed, but it failed to achieve the major breakthrough that had been hoped for when the party was created.

The NDP was shut out in Saskatchewan, its political base, where Douglas failed to win his own seat. Douglas's campaign was hurt by chaos in Saskatchewan brought about by the introduction of Medicare and a resulting strike by the province's doctors. Douglas was forced to enter the House of Commons through a by-election in British Columbia. Despite the initial problems, Medicare proved popular, spread throughout the country, and is considered the NDP's (and Douglas') major contribution to the Canadian social fabric.

Social Credit returned to the House of Commons after being shut out in the 1958 election. While leader Robert N. Thompson and three other Socreds were elected in the party's traditional base in western Canada, the party's real success came in Quebec. Réal Caouette led the party's Quebec wing to victory in 26 ridings. Indeed, their win of 30 seats overall represented the party's greatest federal showing ever. They would never again equal, let alone surpass, that number—though the party gained its highest share of the vote in the 1963 election (1962 being its second-highest by a very close margin), it had a net loss of six seats.

The Socreds' success in Quebec was the result of several factors. Diefenbaker's poor French impaired the Tories' ability to communicate their message to francophone voters. In 1958, the PCs had successfully compensated for that handicap by using the powerful electoral machine of the Union Nationale government under Maurice Duplessis. By 1962, Duplessis was dead and the Union Nationale had been toppled. Nevertheless, many francophone Quebecers remained hostile to the Liberals, and others had not yet warmed to the anglophone Pearson. Additionally, the controversy surrounding the new Liberal provincial government's radical agenda of the Quiet Revolution badly hurt the Liberal brand in rural Quebec. Nevertheless, while the Liberals actually lost significant vote share in Quebec (they scored more than six percentage points less compared to 1958), the split in the centre-right vote meant they still managed a plurality there both in popular vote and seats. The Liberals actually gained ten seats in the province, despite the decline in vote share.

In the end, despite their large losses the Tories' major saving grace was that the Liberals were all but invisible in the west, winning only seven seats west of Ontario. This election thereby began a pattern of the Tories dominating the provinces west of Ontario by large margins (with only occasional breakthroughs by the Liberals and NDP), forcing the Liberals to rely on Ontario, Quebec and the Atlantic Provincesto garner a majority. That pattern would continue until the Tories' demise as a party of government three decades later. The Tories remained in power with the tacit support of the Socreds, as the two parties held enough seats between them to command a parliamentary majority. However, Diefenbaker declined to negotiate a more formal alliance between the two parties, which would ultimately prove costly and helped lead to the fall of his government the following year.

National results edit

 

Voter turn-out was 79.0%.[3]

Party Party leader # of
candidates
Seats Popular vote
1958 Elected % Change # % pp Change
  Progressive Conservative John Diefenbaker 265 208 116 -44.2% 2,865,542 37.22% -16.35
  Liberal Lester B. Pearson 263 48 99 +106.3% 2,846,589 36.97% +3.57
Social Credit R.N. Thompson 230 - 30   893,479 11.60% +9.01
  New Democratic Party1 Tommy Douglas 218 8 19 +137.5% 1,044,754 13.57% +4.06
  Liberal-Labour 1 1 1 - 15,412 0.20% +0.04
  Independent Liberal 7 - - - 10,406 0.14% -0.03
  Independent 11 - - - 8,084 0.10% -0.03
Communist2 Leslie Morris 12 - - - 6,360 0.08% -0.05
  Unknown 4 * - * 3,731 0.05% *
  Independent PC 4 * - * 2,713 0.04% *
  Candidat libéral des electeurs 1 * - * 1,836 0.02% *
  Capital familial H-G Grenier 1   -   393 0.01% -0.01
  Co-operative Builders 1 * - * 261 x *
  All Canadian 1 * - * 189 x *
  Ouvrier Indépendant 1 * - * 152 x *
Total 1,016 265 265 - 7,699,901 100%  
Sources: Canada Open Government[4][c]

Notes:

* Party did not nominate candidates in previous election.

x - less than 0.005% of the popular vote.

1 compared to Co-operative Commonwealth Federation results from previous election.

2 compared to Labor-Progressive Party results from previous election.

Vote and seat summaries edit

Popular vote
PC
37.22%
Liberal
36.97%
NDP
13.57%
Social Credit
11.60%
Others
0.64%
Seat totals
PC
43.77%
Liberal
37.35%
Social Credit
11.32%
NDP
7.16%
Others
0.40%

Results by province edit

Party name BC AB SK MB ON QC NB NS PE NL NW YK Total
  Progressive Conservative Seats: 6 15 16 11 35 14 4 9 4 1 1 - 116
  Popular Vote: 27.3 42.8 50.4 41.6 39.2 29.6 46.5 47.3 51.3 36.0 55.0 47.8 37.2
  Liberal Seats: 4 - 1 1 43 35 6 2 - 6 - 1 99
  Vote: 27.3 19.4 22.8 31.3 41.0 39.2 44.4 42.4 43.3 59.0 45.0 52.2 37.0
  Social Credit Seats: 2 2 - - - 26 - - - -     30
  Vote: 14.2 29.2 4.6 6.8 1.8 26.0 3.6 0.8 0.2 0.1     11.6
  New Democrats Seats: 10 - - 2 6 - - 1 - -     19
  Vote: 30.9 8.4 22.1 19.7 17.2 4.4 5.3 9.4 5.2 4.9     13.6
  Liberal-Labour Seats:         1               1
  Vote:         0.6               0.2
  Total Seats   22 17 17 14 85 75 10 12 4 7 1 1 265
Parties that won no seats:
  Independent Liberal Vote:   0.1       0.5 0.2           0.1
  Independent Vote: xx 0.1   0.3 0.1 0.2             0.1
Communist Vote: 0.2   0.1 0.6 0.1 xx             0.1
  Unknown Vote:         0.1 xx   0.1         xx
  Independent PC Vote:           0.1             xx
  Candidat libéral des electeurs Vote:           0.1             xx
  Capitale familiale Vote:           xx             xx
  Co-operative Builders Vote:         xx               xx
  All Canadian Vote:   xx                     xx
  Ouvrier Indépendant Vote:           xx             xx

xx - less than 0.05% of the popular vote

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ compared to CCF results in 1957
  2. ^ compared to CCF results in 1957
  3. ^ Results include the general election held June 18, 1962, as well as results from the election in the riding of Stormont on July 16, 1962, delayed due to the death of the Liberal candidate.

References edit

  1. ^ Pomfret, R. "Voter Turnout at Federal Elections and Referendums". Elections Canada. Elections Canada. Retrieved February 23, 2014.
  2. ^ "Canadian Encyclopedia". March 31, 2016. Retrieved April 29, 2018.
  3. ^ "ParlInfo Has Moved". www.parl.gc.ca. Archived from the original on March 29, 2014. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
  4. ^ Open Government. "History of the Federal Electoral Ridings, 1867-2010". Canada.ca. Retrieved March 4, 2022.

Further reading edit

  • Saywell, John T., ed. (1963). Canadian Annual Review for 1962. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
  • LeDuc, Lawrence; Pammett, Jon H.; McKenzie, Judith L.; Turcotte, André (2010). Dynasties and Interludes: Past and Present in Canadian Electoral Politics. Toronto: Dundurn Press. ISBN 978-1-55488-886-3.
  • Meisel, John, ed. (1964). Papers on the 1962 Election. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-4875-8146-6.
  • Beck, James Murray (1968). Pendulum of Power; Canada's Federal Elections. Scarborough: Prentice-Hall of Canada. ISBN 978-0-13-655670-1.