Summary
The 1985 Summer Universiade, also known as the XIII Summer Universiade, took place in Kobe, Japan.
 | |
| Host city | Kobe, Japan |
|---|---|
| Nations | 106 |
| Athletes | 2,783 |
| Events | 119 in 11 sports |
| Opening | August 24, 1985 |
| Closing | September 4, 1985 |
| Opened by | Crown Prince Akihito |
| Main venue | Kobe Universiade Memorial Stadium |
Mascot edit
The mascot of the Kobe Universiade, "Unitan", designed by Osamu Tezuka, is a red-crested white crane, symbolic of Japan and a good omen. The name was chosen from some 8,000 suggestions received from throughout the country. The name is derived from a combination of 'uni' from 'Universiade' and 'tan' from the Japanese name for red-crested crane, namely 'tancho-tsuru'.
Gender test edit
The sex chromatin test was used at these games to decide on participants' gender; Spanish hurdler Maria José Martínez-Patiño was declared a man and thus ruled ineligible for the women's events.[1][2][3] In agreement with officials who suggested she fake an injury so she could withdraw without publicity, she complied. She later fought, successfully, to have that diagnosis reversed.[4]
Sports edit
Athletics ()
Basketball ()
Diving ()
Fencing ()
Football ()
Gymnastics ()
Judo ()
Swimming ()
Tennis ()
Volleyball ()
Water polo ()
Medal table edit
| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  Soviet Union (URS) | 41 | 22 | 17 | 80 |
| 2 |  United States (USA) | 25 | 21 | 23 | 69 |
| 3 |  Cuba (CUB) | 8 | 8 | 5 | 21 |
| 4 |  China (CHN) | 6 | 7 | 6 | 19 |
| 5 |  Romania (ROM) | 5 | 10 | 6 | 21 |
| 6 |  Japan (JPN)* | 5 | 3 | 7 | 15 |
| 7 |  Italy (ITA) | 4 | 6 | 5 | 15 |
| 8 |  Bulgaria (BUL) | 4 | 5 | 5 | 14 |
| 9 |  North Korea (PRK) | 3 | 3 | 3 | 9 |
| 10 |  Netherlands (NED) | 3 | 1 | 4 | 8 |
| 11 |  Poland (POL) | 3 | 1 | 2 | 6 |
| 12 |  South Korea (KOR) | 3 | 0 | 4 | 7 |
| 13 |  West Germany (FRG) | 2 | 4 | 9 | 15 |
| 14 |  Australia (AUS) | 2 | 4 | 2 | 8 |
| 15 |  Nigeria (NGR) | 2 | 1 | 2 | 5 |
| 16 |  Hungary (HUN) | 1 | 4 | 3 | 8 |
| 17 |  Great Britain (GBR) | 1 | 2 | 3 | 6 |
| 18 |  Brazil (BRA) | 1 | 2 | 2 | 5 |
| 19 |  Czechoslovakia (TCH) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
 Jamaica (JAM) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | |
| 21 |  Canada (CAN) | 0 | 6 | 7 | 13 |
| 22 |  France (FRA) | 0 | 4 | 3 | 7 |
| 23 |  Yugoslavia (YUG) | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| 24 |  Mexico (MEX) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
 New Zealand (NZL) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
 Portugal (POR) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
 Uruguay (URU) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
| 28 |  Ivory Coast (CIV) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
 Morocco (MAR) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
 Puerto Rico (PUR) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
| Totals (30 entries) | 121 | 119 | 125 | 365 | |
References edit
- ^ Ruth Padawer (June 28, 2016). "The Humiliating Practice of Sex-Testing Female Athletes". The New York Times.
- ^ Ljungqvist, A. (2008-04-15). "Gender Verification". In Barbara L. Drinkwater (ed.). The Encyclopaedia of Sports Medicine: An IOC Medical Commission Publication, Women in Sport. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 183–93. ISBN 9780470756850. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
- ^ Schultz, Jaime (2014). Qualifying Times: Points of Change in U.S. Women's Sport. U of Illinois P. pp. 111–12. ISBN 9780252095962.
- ^ Cole, Cheryl L. (2000). "One Chromosome Too Many?". In Kay Schaffer (ed.). The Olympics at the Millennium: Power, Politics, and the Games. Sidonie Smith. Rutgers UP. pp. 128–46. ISBN 9780813528205. Retrieved 2 March 2015.