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1988 violence in Shusha and Stepanakert

Summary

The 1988 violence in Shusha and Stepanakert was the expulsion of the ethnic Armenian population of Shusha and the ethnic Azerbaijani population of Stepanakert, in the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast in the Azerbaijani SSR, Soviet Union, from September 18 to 20, 1988.[1][2][3] During the violence, 33 Armenians and 16 Azerbaijanis were wounded, more than 30 houses hed been set on fire, and a 61-year-old Armenian was killed.[4] At the end of the violence, 3,117 ethnic Azerbaijanis were forced to leave Stepanakert.[5]

1988 violence in Shusha and Stepanakert
Part of Nagorno-Karabakh conflict
Map of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast
LocationShusha and Stepanakert, Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast, Azerbaijan SSR, Soviet Union
DateSeptember 18–20, 1988 (2 days)
TargetArmenian population of Shusha and Azerbaijani population of Stepanakert
Attack type
Expulsion
Deaths1
Injured49

The events was one of the acts of ethnic violence in the context of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, carried out along the demands of the Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh to secede from Azerbaijan and unify with Armenia.

Background edit

Throughout modern history the city of Shusha, known to Armenians as Shushi, mainly fostered a mixed Armenian–Azerbaijani population. Following the Shusha massacre in 1920, the Armenian population of the city was mostly killed or expelled, and the city reduced to a town with a dominant Azerbaijani population.[6]

Stepanakert, located in the Karabakh Plateau, was the capital of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (NKAO), with an Armenian majority, and an Azerbaijani minority. According to the 1979 Soviet census, the city had a population of 38,980 people, mostly of Armenians, who constituted 87% of the total population, and more than four thousand Azerbaijanis.[7]

On March 1, Armenian refugees from Sumgayit arrived in Stepanakert, following the Sumgait pogrom.[2] During the Summer-autumn of 1988 the wave of mutual violence in the NKAO grows. On September 18, 1988 a clash between Armenians and Azerbaijanis occurred near the Azerbaijani village of Khojaly (NKAO); several Armenians received gunshot wounds, one Armenian was killed.[2] According to Thomas de Waal, "the violence heralded disaster for the minority communities of Karabakh's two main towns, as all the Armenians were driven from Shusha and the Azerbaijanis were expelled from Stepanakert".[8] The exchange of populations took place as a result of clashes in Khojaly. In Stepanakert Armenians burned Azerbaijani houses, while in Shusha Azerbaijanis burned Armenian houses.[4]

Since May 1988 this was the first anti-Armenian violence in Shusha. Armenian population of Shusha were subjected to tension.[9][10] A crowd of 600 people threatened to burn down houses of Armenians, destroyed their property.[11]

The expulsion of Azerbaijanis in Stepanakert also began on September 18, 1988,[1] with 3,117 ethnic Azerbaijanis becoming refugees at the end of the month.[5] The violence was accompanied by beatings and arson of houses. On September 21, the Soviet troops stationed in the city imposed a curfew to preserve the situation.[1]

References edit

Citations edit

  1. ^ a b c "Карабах: хронология конфликт" [Karabakh: Chronology of the conflict]. BBC Russian (in Russian). BBC. August 29, 2005. Archived from the original on July 11, 2012. Retrieved September 17, 2020.
  2. ^ a b c "Заключение Комитета ВС РСФСР по правам человека" [Conclusion of the Human Rights Committee of the RSFSR Supreme Council]. Karabakh Records (in Russian). April 24, 2012. Archived from the original on October 10, 2019.
  3. ^ Civil Wars of the World: Major Conflicts Since World War II, Том 1, by Uk Heo, Karl DeRouen, 2007
  4. ^ a b Gha-ra-bagh!: The Emergence of the National Democratic Movement in Armenia, By Mark Malkasian, Wayne State University Press, 1996, pp. 143-144
  5. ^ a b Bakinskiy Rabochiy (27 November 1988). "JPRS report. Soviet Union. Political affairs / Foreign Broadcast Information Service". Political Affairs. The Service: 156.
  6. ^ S. Neil MacFarlane, Oliver Thränert,, Balancing hegemony: the OSCE in the CIS, Centre for International Relations, 1997, p. 71
  7. ^ Yamskov A. N., Ethnic Conflict in the Transcausasus: The Case of Nagorno-Karabakh, Theory and Society, Vol. 20, No. 5, Special Issue on Ethnic Conflict in the Soviet Union,(Oct., 1991), p. 645, "According to the estimates of T. Sarkisian, A. Vartanov, and G. Starovoitova, by early 1987 there were 133,200 Armenians in Nagomo-Karabakh (74 percent of the population) and 43,900 Azeris (24.4 percent of the population). The Azeris represented the following percentages of the population in the raions of Nagomo-Karabakh: Mardakertskii -— 14.8% (6,800), Askeranskii - 16.7% (3,000), Shushinskii - 90.1% (19,000), Martuninskii -— 22.7% (6,200), Gadrutskii -— 14.6% (2,100); Stepanakert City -— 12.8% (6,800)".
  8. ^ Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan through Peace and War, By Thomas de Waal, p. 69
  9. ^ Hrant Abrahamyan, Tragedy of Shushi in 1988, Scientific Readings of ArSU, 2016, #1, pp. 4-6
  10. ^ Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan through Peace and War, By Thomas de Waal, p. 47
  11. ^ Shushi/Shusha, living in a symbol, OBC Transeuropa, 2020

Sources edit

  • "Истоки конфликта". Strana I Mir (in Russian) (6). München. December 1, 1988. ISSN 0178-5036.
  • Chorbajian, Levon; Donabédian, Patrick; Mutafian, Claude (1994). The Caucasian knot: the history & geopolitics of Nagorno-Karabagh. Zed Books. ISBN 978-1856492874.
  • "Степанакерт". Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia (in Russian). Vol. 11. Yerevan: Armenian Soviet Academy of Sciences. 1985.
  • Hewsen, Robert H. (2001). Armenia: A Historical Atlas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-33228-4.
  • Malkasian, Mark (1996). Gha-ra-bagh!: The Emergence of the National Democratic Movement in Armenia. Wayne: Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0-8143-2604-8.
  • "Dağlıq Qarabağ münaqişəsi: Tammətnli elektron materiallar məcmuəsi" [Nagorno-Karabakh conflict: A collection of full-text electronic materials] (PDF) (in Azerbaijani). Azerbaijani Presidential Library. 2005. Retrieved September 17, 2020.
  • Afandizadeh, Rana Makhmudovna (1986). Архитектура Советского Азербайджана [Architecture of the Soviet Azerbaijan] (in Russian). Stroizdat.
  • Нагорный Карабах: разум победит [Nagorno-Karabakh: Reason Will Win] (in Russian). Baku: Azernashr. 1989. ISBN 5-552-00686-0.
  • Kulieva, J., ed. (1985). "Ханкәнди". Azerbaijani Soviet Encyclopedia (in Azerbaijani). Vol. 10. Baku: Azerbaijani Soviet Academy of Sciences. p. 49.
  • Kaufman, Stuart (2001). Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War. New York: Cornell Studies in Security Affairs. ISBN 0-8014-8736-6.
  • Gaffarov, Tahir, ed. (2008). "Azərbaycan tarixi". Respublikanın ictimai-siyasi həyatı (80-ci illərin II yarısı) [Socio-political life of the republic (second half of 80s)] (PDF) (in Azerbaijani). Vol. 7. Baku: Elm. ISBN 978-9952-448-48-1.
  • Gasimova, Flora (September 20, 2011). "18 sentyabr: Xankəndlilərin yaddaşından silinməyən gün" [September 18: An indelible day in the memory of the people of Khankendi]. 525-ji gazet (in Azerbaijani). Archived from the original on September 17, 2020. Retrieved September 17, 2020.
  • Трагедия длиною в 2 года: фотохроника событий [A tragedy lasting 2 years: Photo chronicle of events] (in Russian). Baku: Azernashr. 1990. ISBN 5-552-00717-4.

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