Summary
Parliamentary elections were held in Iran on 10 April 1992, with a second round on 8 May.[2] The elections were the first parliamentary elections held in Iran since the death of Ayatollah Khomeini and during Ali Khamenei's leadership.[3]
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All 270 seats of Islamic Consultative Assembly 136 seats needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||
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| Registered | 32,465,558[1] | ||||||||||||||||||
| Turnout | 57.71[1] | ||||||||||||||||||
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It marked a rivalry between the two main organizations at the time, the right-wing Combatant Clergy Association (supporters of President Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani) and the left-wing Association of Combatant Clerics. The results marked a victory for the right-wingers who obtained an absolute majority with more than 70 percent of the seats.[3]
Campaign edit
Main groups contesting in the elections were:[3]
- Combatant Clergy Association, endorsed by Islamic Aligned Organizations
- Association of Combatant Clerics, backed by the Association of the Women of the Islamic Republic and Coalition of Imam's Line groups, including student association Office for Strengthening Unity and trade union Worker House.
Freedom Movement of Iran, the political group led by Mehdi Bazargan, boycotted the elections on the grounds that their rights to compete in fair elections had been curbed and there was official discrimination toward them.[3]
The duration of official campaigns started one week after Ramadan and were limited to seven days, ending 24 hours before the polling process started.[3] The candidates and campaigners were obliged to focus on their merits, rather than negative campaigning. Several taboos on advertisements were broken during the elections, for the first time foreign academic credentials received positive publicity and some campaign literatures were void of regular political and ideological jargon (such as following Imam's Line or highlighting activities against Shah's regime).[3]
Disqualifications edit
Some 3,150 candidates registered to run for a seat, but the Guardian Council disqualified about one-third of them, approving only some 2,050.[3] Among the disqualified candidates, 39 were incumbent MPs either belonged to or had sympathized with the Association of Combatant Clerics, including Sadegh Khalkhali, Ateghe Sediqi, Hossein Mousavi Tabrizi, Asadollah Bayat-Zanjani and Ebrahim Asgharzadeh. Behzad Nabavi and Mohammad Khatami, Iran's next president were also disqualified to run.[3]
Results edit
- Baktiari (1996)
The table below only includes seats decided in the first round of voting:
| Round 1 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Electoral list | Seats | % | ||||||
| Combatant Clergy Association | 81 | 62.3 | ||||||
| Association of Combatant Clerics | 20 | 15.4 | ||||||
| Independents | 29 | 22.3 | ||||||
| Total | 130 | 48.14 | ||||||
| Undecided seats | 140 | 51.85 | ||||||
| Source: Baktiari[4] | ||||||||
- Nohlen et al. (2001)
| Party | Seats | % |
|---|---|---|
| Combatant Clergy Association and allies | 150 | 55.6 |
| Association of Combatant Clerics and allies | 0 | 0 |
| Independents | 120 | 44.4 |
| Total | 270 | 100 |
| Source: Nohlen et al.[2] | ||
- Rakel (2008)
According to Eva Rakel, the radical left faction gained 79 out of 270 parliamentary seats.[5]
- Alem (2011)
| Faction | Seats | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Right | 122 | ||
| Left | 40 | ||
| Source: Alem[6] | |||
- Inter-Parliamentary Union
According to Inter-Parliamentary Union, some three-fourths of the seats were controlled by the Combatant Clergy Association, who secured 134 seats in the first round.[7]
| Round 1 | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Valid votes | 18,476,051 | ||
| Blank or invalid votes | 327,107 | ||
| Total votes | 18,803,158 | ||
| Round 2 | |||
| Valid votes | 7,375,330 | ||
| Blank or invalid votes | 109,767 | ||
| Total votes | 7,485,097 | ||
| Source: Inter-Parliamentary Union[7] | |||
References edit
- ^ a b "1992 Parliamentary Election", The Iran Social Science Data Portal, Princeton University, archived from the original on 2012-05-30, retrieved 10 August 2015
- ^ a b Nohlen, Dieter; Grotz, Florian; Hartmann, Christof (2001). "Iran". Elections in Asia: A Data Handbook. Vol. I. Oxford University Press. pp. 68, 74. ISBN 0-19-924958-X.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Farzin Sarabi (1994). "The Post-Khomeini Era in Iran: The Elections of the Fourth Islamic Majlis". Middle East Journal. 48 (1). Middle East Institute: 89–107. JSTOR 4328663.(subscription required)
- ^ Baktiari, Bahman (1996). Parliamentary Politics in Revolutionary Iran: The Institutionalization of Factional Politics. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. p. 219. ISBN 0-8130-1461-1.
- ^ Rakel, Eva (2008), Power, Islam, and Political Elite in Iran: A Study on the Iranian Political Elite from Khomeini to Ahmadinejad, International Comparative Social Studies, Brill Publishers, p. 53, ISBN 9789047425083
- ^ Yasmin Alem (2011), Duality by Design: The Iranian Electoral System, Washington, D.C.: International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES), p. 75, ISBN 978-1-931459-59-4,
The left, however, lost the 1992 Majlis elections to the right after the Guardian Council rejected the credentials of 1,100 candidates, including 40 incumbents... Conservatives won 122 seats in the 1992 elections, while the left suffered a major electoral defeat with only 40 seats.
- ^ a b "Parliamentary Chamber: Majles Shoraye Eslami, ELECTIONS HELD IN 1992", Inter-Parliamentary Union, retrieved 20 June 2017