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19 (number)

## Summary

19 (nineteen) is the natural number following 18 and preceding 20. It is a prime number.

 ← 18 19 20 →
Cardinalnineteen
Ordinal19th
(nineteenth)
Factorizationprime
Prime8th
Divisors1, 19
Greek numeralΙΘ´
Roman numeralXIX
Binary100112
Ternary2013
Octal238
Duodecimal1712

## Mathematics

19 is the eighth prime number, and forms a sexy prime with 13,[1] a twin prime with 17,[2] and a cousin prime with 23.[3] It is the third full reptend prime,[4] the fifth central trinomial coefficient,[5] and the seventh Mersenne prime exponent.[6] It is also the second Keith number, and more specifically the first Keith prime.[7]

• 19 is the maximum number of fourth powers needed to sum up to any natural number, and in the context of Waring's problem, 19 is the fourth value of g(k).[8]
• The sum of the squares of the first 19 primes is divisible by 19.[9]
• The only nontrivial normal magic hexagon is composed of 19 cells, where every diagonal of consecutive hexagons has sums equal to 38, or twice 19.
• 19 is the sixth Heegner number.[11] 67 and 163, respectively the 19th and 38th prime numbers, are the two largest Heegner numbers, of 9 total.
The 19th triangular number is 190 (equivalently, the sum of the first 19 non-zero integers).[14] 19 is the first number in an infinite sequence of numbers whose digits start with 1 and have trailing 9's, that form triangular numbers containing trailing zeroes in proportion to 9s present in the original number; i.e. 19900 is the 199th triangular number, and 1999000 is the 1999th.[15]
Like 19, 199 and 1999 are also both prime, as are 199999 and 19999999. In fact, a number of the form 19n, where n denotes the number of nines that terminate in the number, is prime for n = 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 26, 27, 53, 147, 236, 248, 386, 401.[16]
• 19, alongside 109, 1009, and 10009, are all prime (with 109 also full reptend), and form part of a sequence of numbers where inserting a digit inside the previous term produces the next smallest prime possible, up to scale, with the composite number 9 as root.[17] 100019 is the next such smallest prime number, by the insertion of a 1.
Numbers of the form 10n9 equivalent to 10x +9, where n denotes the number of zeros in the term, are prime for n = {0, 1, 2, 3, 8, 17, 21, 44, 48, 55, 68, 145, 201, 271, 2731, 4563}, and probably prime for n = {31811, 43187, 48110, 92690}; with x = n + 1.[18]
• R19 is the second base-10 repunit prime, short for the number 1111111111111111111.[21]

If the Tits group is included as a (nonstrict) group of Lie type,[22] then there are 19 finite simple groups that are not sporadic groups. In the Happy Family, 19 of 26 sporadic groups are subquotients of the Friendly Giant, which is also its own subquotient.[23]

## Science

The James Webb Space Telescope features a design of 19 hexagons.

## Religion

### Islam

• The number of angels guarding Hell ("Hellfire") ("Saqar") according to the Qur'an: "Over it are nineteen" (74:30), after which the Qur'an describes this number as being "a trial for those who disbelieve" (74:31), a sign for people of the scripture to be "convinced" (74:31) and that believers "will increase in faith" (74:31) due to it.
• The Number of Verse and Sura together in the Qur'an which announces Jesus son of Maryam's (Mary's) birth (Qur'an 19:19).
• A group called United Submitter International claim the Quran has mathematical structure based on the number 19. The gematrical value of WAHD = 6+1+8+4=19, Wahd means 'One' (God) to the first verse (1:1), known as Bas-malah, consists of 19 Arabic letters or the Quran consists of 114 (19x6) surat etc.

### Baháʼí faith

In the Bábí and Baháʼí Faiths, a group of 19 is called a Váhid, a Unity (Arabic: واحد wāhid, "one"). The numerical value of this word in the Abjad numeral system is 19.

### Celtic paganism

19 is a sacred number of the goddess Brigid because it is said to represent the 19-year cycle of the Great Celtic Year and the amount of time it takes the Moon to coincide with the winter solstice.[24]

## Music

• "19" is a 1985 song by Paul Hardcastle, including sampled soundbites taken from a documentary about the Vietnam War in which 19 is claimed to have been the average age of United States soldiers killed in the conflict.[25] The song was parodied by British satirist Rory Bremner under the pseudonym 'The Commentators,' as N-n-nineteen, Not Out, the title referring to the batting average of David Gower, the England cricket captain, during his side's risible performance against the West Indies in 1984 when they lost 5–0.
• "I Was Only Nineteen" by the Australian group Redgum reached number one on the Australian charts in 1983. In 2005 a hip hop version of the song was produced by The Herd.
• 19 is the name of Adele's 2008 debut album, so named since she was 19 years old at the time.
• "Hey Nineteen" is a song by American jazz rock band Steely Dan, on the 1980 album Gaucho.
• Nineteen has been used as an alternative to twelve for a division of the octave into equal parts. This idea goes back to Salinas in the sixteenth century, and is interesting in part because it gives a system of meantone tuning, being close to 1/3 comma meantone. See 19 equal temperament.
• Some organs use the 19th harmonic to approximate a minor third.

## Games

A 19x19 Go board
• The game of Go is played on a grid of 19×19 lines (though variants can be played on grids of other sizes).
• Though the maximum score for a cribbage hand is 29, there is no combination of cards that adds up to 19 points. Many cribbage players, therefore, jokingly refer to a zero-point hand as "a 19 hand."
• In the base version of Settlers of Catan there are 19 hexagonal pieces that can be randomly or intentionally placed to form the board.

## In sports

• In golf, the '19th hole' is the clubhouse bar and in match play, if there is a tie after 18 holes, an extra hole(s) is played. In miniature golf it is an extra hole on which the winner earns an instant prize.

## References

1. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A046117 (Primes p such that p-6 is also prime. (Upper of a pair of sexy primes.))". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-08-05.
2. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A006512 (Greater of twin primes.)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-08-05.
3. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A088762 (Numbers n such that (2n-1, 2n+3) is a cousin prime pair.)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-08-05.
4. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A001913 (Full reptend primes: primes with primitive root 10.)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-08-05.
5. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A002426 (Central trinomial coefficients: largest coefficient of (1 + x + x^2)^n.)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-08-05.
6. ^ "Sloane's A000043 : Mersenne exponents". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-05-31.
7. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A007629 (Repfigit (REPetitive FIbonacci-like diGIT) numbers (or Keith numbers).)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-08-05.
8. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A002804 ((Presumed) solution to Waring's problem.)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-08-05.
9. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A111441 (Numbers k such that the sum of the squares of the first k primes is divisible by k)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-06-02.
10. ^ Allcock, Daniel (11 July 2006). "Infinitely many hyperbolic Coxeter groups through dimension 19". Geometry & Topology. 10 (2): 737–758. arXiv:0903.0138. doi:10.2140/gt.2006.10.737. S2CID 14378861.
11. ^ "Sloane's A003173 : Heegner numbers". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-05-31.
12. ^ "Sloane's A125602 : Centered triangular numbers that are prime". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-05-31.
13. ^ "Sloane's A003215 : Hex (or centered hexagonal) numbers". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-05-31.
14. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A000217 (Triangular numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-07-13.
15. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. "Sequence A186076". The On-line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. Retrieved 2022-07-13. Note that terms A186074(4) and A186074(10) have trailing 0's, i.e. 19900 = Sum_{k=0..199} k and 1999000 = Sum_{k=0..1999} k...". "This pattern continues indefinitely: 199990000, 19999900000, etc.
16. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A055558 (Primes of the form 1999...999)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-07-26.
17. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A068174 (Define an increasing sequence as follows. Start with an initial term, the seed (which need not have the property of the sequence); subsequent terms are obtained by inserting/placing at least one digit in the previous term to obtain the smallest number with the given property. Here the property is be a prime.)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-07-26.
18. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A088275 (Numbers n such that 10^n + 9 is prime)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-07-28.
19. ^ Shyam Sunder Gupta. "19". Prime Curios!. Retrieved 2022-08-05.
20. ^ "19". Prime Curios!. Retrieved 2022-08-05.
21. ^ Guy, Richard; Unsolved Problems in Number Theory, p. 7 ISBN 1475717385
22. ^ R. B. Howlett; . J. Rylands; D. E. Taylor. "Matrix generators for exceptional groups of Lie type". Journal of Symbolic Computation. 31 (4): 429. doi:10.1006/jsco.2000.0431. ...for all groups of Lie type, including the twisted groups of Steinberg, Suzuki and Ree (and the Tits group).
23. ^ John F.R. Duncan; Michael H. Mertens; Ken Ono (2017). "Pariah moonshine". Nature Communications. 8: 2 (Article 670). doi:10.1038/s41467-017-00660-y. ...so [sic] moonshine illuminates a physical origin for the monster, and for the 19 other sporadic groups that are involved in the monster.
24. ^ Brigid: Triple Goddess of the Flame (Health, Hearth, & Forge)
25. ^ Roush, Gary (2008-06-02). "Statistics about the Vietnam War". Vietnam Helicopter Flight Crew Network. Archived from the original on 2010-01-06. Retrieved 2009-12-06. Assuming KIAs accurately represented age groups serving in Vietnam, the average age of an infantryman (MOS 11B) serving in Vietnam to be 19 years old is a myth, it is actually 22. None of the enlisted grades have an average age of less than 20.