Summary
2024 aluminium alloy is an aluminium alloy, with copper as the primary alloying element. It is used in applications requiring high strength-to-weight ratio, as well as good fatigue resistance. It is weldable only through friction welding, and has average machinability. Due to poor corrosion resistance, it is often clad with aluminium or Al-1Zn for protection, although this may reduce the fatigue strength.[1][2] In older systems of terminology, 2XXX series alloys were known as duralumin, and this alloy was named 24ST.
2024 is commonly extruded, and also available in alclad sheet and plate forms. It is not commonly forged (the related 2014 aluminium alloy is, though).[3]
Basic properties edit
Aluminium alloy 2024 has a density of 2.78 g/cm3 (0.1 lb/in3), electrical conductivity of 30% IACS, Young's Modulus of 73 GPa (10.6 Msi) across all tempers, and begins to melt at 500 °C (932 °F).[4]
2024 aluminium alloy's composition roughly includes 4.3–4.5% copper, 0.5–0.6% manganese, 1.3–1.5% magnesium and less than a half a percent of silicon, zinc, nickel, chromium, lead and bismuth.
Chemical composition edit
The alloy composition of 2024 is:[5]
- Aluminium (90.7–94.7%)
- Silicon no minimum, maximum 0.5% by weight
- Iron no minimum, maximum 0.5%
- Copper minimum 3.8%, maximum 4.9%
- Manganese minimum 0.3%, maximum 0.9%
- Magnesium minimum 1.2%, maximum 1.8%
- Chromium no minimum, maximum 0.1%
- Zinc no minimum, maximum 0.25%
- Titanium no minimum, maximum 0.15%
- Other elements no more than 0.05% each, 0.15% total
Mechanical properties edit
The mechanical properties of 2024 depend greatly on the temper of the material.[1]
2024-O edit
2024-O temper aluminium has no heat treating. It has an ultimate tensile strength of 140–210 MPa (21–30 ksi), and maximum yield strength of no more than 97 MPa (14,000 psi). The material has elongation (stretch before ultimate failure) of 10–25%, this is the allowable range per applicable AMS specifications.
2024-T3 edit
T3 temper 2024 sheet has an ultimate tensile strength of 400–430 MPa (58–62 ksi) and yield strength of at least 270–280 MPa (39–40 ksi). It has an elongation of 10–15%.
2024-T4 edit
Solution treated at foundry and naturally aged.
2024-T5 edit
Cooled from hot working and artificially aged (at elevated temperature)
2024-T351 edit
T351 temper 2024 plate has an ultimate tensile strength of 470 MPa (68 ksi) and yield strength of 280 MPa (41 ksi). It has elongation of 20%.
Uses edit
Due to its high strength and fatigue resistance, 2024 is widely used in aircraft, especially wing and fuselage structures under tension.[6][7] Additionally, since the material is susceptible to thermal shock, 2024 is used in qualification of liquid penetrant tests outside of normal temperature ranges.[8]
References edit
- ^ a b Alcoa 2024 data sheet Archived 2006-08-27 at the Wayback Machine (pdf), accessed October 13, 2006
- ^ Parker, Dana T. Building Victory: Aircraft Manufacturing in the Los Angeles Area in World War II, pp. 39, 87, 118, Cypress, CA, 2013. ISBN 978-0-9897906-0-4.
- ^ Marks' Standard handbook for Mechanical Engineers, 8th Ed., McGraw Hill, pp. 6-52 and 6-57
- ^ Material Properties Data: 2024 Aluminum, retrieved 19 April 2010.
- ^ ASM Aerospace Specifications Metals Inc., retrieved 18 September 2019.
- ^ Aluminum Information at aircraftspruce.com, accessed August 15, 2011
- ^ Shevell, Richard S. (1989). Fundamentals of Flight. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall. pp. 373–386. ISBN 0-13-339060-8.
- ^ ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC)1998 Edition, Section 5, Article 6, Subparagraph T-653.2
Further reading edit
- "Properties of Wrought Aluminium and Aluminium Alloys: 2024, Alclad 2024", Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials, Vol 2, ASM Handbook, ASM International, 1990, pp. 70–71.