World War II edit

Training in the United States edit

The squadron was first activated on 3 November 1942 at Gowen Field, Idaho as the 534th Bombardment Squadron, one of the four original squadrons of the 381st Bombardment Group. It gathered its initial cadre at Gowen, but only began training for combat with the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress after moving to Pyote Army Air Field, Texas at the end of the year. On 8 May 1943, the ground echelon began moving to the port of embarkation at Camp Kilmer, New Jersey, and boarded the RMS Queen Elizabeth for the European Theater of Operations on 27 May. The air echelon marshalled at Salinas Army Air Field, Kansas and began movement by the North Atlantic Ferry Route on 15 May.^[1][3][4]

Combat in the European Theater edit

The air echelon of the squadron arrived at RAF Bovingdon in late May 1943. The following month, the squadron was reunited at RAF Ridgewell, which was to be its combat station for the rest of the war. The squadron entered the strategic bombing campaign against Germany, when it flew its first mission on 21 June, a diversionary attack against Antwerp.^[4][5] Its targets in France included an aircraft assembly plant near Villacoublay, and an engine plant at Le Mans, locks at Saint-Nazaire, and Amiens – Glisy Aerodrome. It also attacked an aircraft plant in Brussels, Belgium. During Blitz Week, it bombed nitrate factories in Heroya, Norway, stopping production for over three months.^[3][6]

The squadron also flew deeper penetration missions into Germany. It hit oil refineries at Gelsenkirchen, submarine pens at Kiel, aircraft plants at Kassel and Leipzig, industrial targets in Münster, marshalling yards at Offenberg, and the ball bearing plants at Schweinfurt. On 8 October 1943, despite heavy enemy interceptor opposition, it accurately struck shipyards at Bremen, for which it was awarded the Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC).^[3] All squadron bombers that returned from this mission^[c] received battle damage.^[7] It received a second DUC for attacks on aircraft plants in Germany on 11 January 1944. In late February 1944, the unit participated in Big Week, the intensive attacks on the German aircraft industry.^[3]

The squadron was occasionally taken off strategic operations to perform air support and interdiction missions. It bombed bridges and airfields near the beachhead to support Operation Overlord, the invasion of Normandy, in June 1944. The following month, it attacked positions of enemy forces opposing Operation Cobra, the breakout at Saint Lo. It supported Operation Market Garden, the airborne attacks in the Netherlands near Arnhem, in the fall. From December 1944, through January 1945, it attacked lines of communications and airfields near the battle zone during the Battle of the Bulge. It also supported the Allied crossing of the Rhine and push through central Germany in March 1945.^[3]

Return to the United States and inactivation edit

The squadron flew its last mission on 26 April 1945 and the majority of the unit's aircraft departed the theater on 24 May 1945. Ground personnel sailed on the RMS Queen Elizabeth on 24 June, arriving in the US by the end of the month. The squadron was located at Sioux Falls Army Air Field, South Dakota a few days later and was inactivated on 24 August 1945.^[1][4][3]

Air Force reserve edit

The squadron was activated in February 1947 in the reserve at Sioux City Army Air Base, Iowa in the reserves, where its training was supervised by the 140th AAF Base Unit (later the 2470th Air Force Reserve Training Center) of Air Defense Command (ADC). It was originally assigned directly to Second Air Force, but the again became part of the 381st Group, which was located at Offutt Field, Nebraska. In May 1948, it was transferred to the 351st Bombardment Group, located at Scott Air Force Base, Illinois.^[1] Although designated a very heavy bombardment group, it does not appear to have been fully manned or equipped.^[8] In 1948 Continental Air Command assumed responsibility for managing reserve and Air National Guard units from ADC.^[9] President Truman’s reduced 1949 defense budget required reductions in the number of units in the Air Force,^[10] and the 534th was inactivated In June 1949,^[1] as reserve flying operations at Sioux City Airport ended.

Space training edit

The squadron was again activated in the fall of 1994 as the 534th Training Squadron when Air Education and Training Command expanded its space and missile systems training at Vandenberg Air Force Base, California from a single squadron to a group. The 534th was responsible for initial qualification training for crews in satellite command and control. In 2003, the 534th was inactivated and its training programs were transferred to the 533d Training Squadron.^[11]

• Constituted as the 534th Bombardment Squadron (Heavy) on 28 October 1942

Activated on 3 November 1942

Redesignated 534th Bombardment Squadron, Heavy on 20 August 1943

Inactivated on 28 August 1945.

• Redesignated 534th Bombardment Squadron, Very Heavy on 28 January 1947

Activated in the reserve on 27 February 1947

Inactivated on 27 June 1949^[1]

• Redesignated 534th Training Squadron on 4 August 1994

Activated on 1 October 1994

Inactivated in 2003^[11]

Assignments edit

• 381st Bombardment Group, 3 November 1942 – 28 August 1945
• Second Air Force, 27 February 1947
• 381st Bombardment Group, 15 September 1947
• 351st Bombardment Group, 3 May 1948 – 27 Jun 1949^[1]
• 381st Training Group, 1 October 1994 – 2003^[11]

Stations edit

• Gowen Field, Idaho, 3 November 1942
• Ephrata Army Air Base, Washington, 1 December 1942
• Pyote Army Air Field, Texas, 27 December 1942
• Pueblo Army Air Base, Colorado, 6 April–10 May 1943
• RAF Ridgewell (AAF-167),^[12] England, 2 June 1943 – 24 June 1945
• Sioux Falls Army Air Field, South Dakota, 3 July–28 August 1945
• Sioux City Army Air Base, Iowa, 27 February 1947 – 27 June 1949^[1]
• Vandenberg Air Force Base, California, 1 October 1994 – 2003^[11]

Aircraft edit

• Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress, 1942-1945^[1]

Awards and campaigns edit

• B-17 Flying Fortress units of the United States Army Air Forces

Notes edit

Explanatory notes

Citations

Bibliography edit

  This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency

• Anderson, Capt. Barry (1985). Army Air Forces Stations: A Guide to the Stations Where U.S. Army Air Forces Personnel Served in the United Kingdom During World War II (PDF). Maxwell AFB, AL yes: Research Division, USAF Historical Research Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 January 2016. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
• Freeman, Roger A. (1970). The Mighty Eighth: Units, Men and Machines (A History of the US 8th Army Air Force). London, England, UK: Macdonald and Company. ISBN 978-0-87938-638-2.
• Knaack, Marcelle Size (1978). Encyclopedia of US Air Force Aircraft and Missile Systems (PDF). Vol. 2, Post-World War II Bombers 1945-1973. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-59-5. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
• Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1983) [1961]. Air Force Combat Units of World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-02-1. LCCN 61060979. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
• Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1982) [1969]. Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-405-12194-6. LCCN 70605402. OCLC 72556. Retrieved 17 December 2016.

• The 381st Bomb Group Website