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768th Bombardment Squadron

Summary

The 768th Bombardment Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit. It was last assigned to the 462d Strategic Aerospace Wing at Larson Air Force Base, Washington, where it was inactivated on 25 June 1966. The squadron was first activated in 1943, and became one of the earliest Boeing B-29 Superfortress units. It moved to the China Burma India Theater in April 1944 and participated in the first attack on the Japanese Home Islands since the 1942 Doolittle Raid on 15 June 1944. It earned three Distinguished Unit Citations. The squadron moved to Tinian with the rest of the 58th Bombardment Wing in April 1945 and continued its participation in the strategic bombing campaign against Japan until V-J Day. In November 1945, it returned to the United States, where it was inactivated in April 1946.

768th Bombardment Squadron
B-52 Stratofortress training for low level flight
Active1944–1946; 1963–1966
Country United States
Branch United States Air Force
RoleStrategic bomber
EngagementsChina Burma India Theater
Pacific Theater of Operations
DecorationsDistinguished Unit Citation
Insignia
768th Bombardment Squadron emblem World War II)

The squadron was reactivated in February 1963 as a Boeing B-52 Stratofortress squadron, absorbing the resources of another squadron that was simultaneously inactivated. It stood alert with its bombers until becoming non-operational in April 1966.

History edit

World War II edit

 
Squadron B-29 Superfortress[a]

Training in the United States edit

The squadron was first activated on 1 July 1943 at Smoky Hill Army Air Field, Kansas as one of the four original squadrons of the 462d Bombardment Group, and was intended to be one of the first units to fly the Boeing B-29 Superfortress.[1][2] However, no B-29s were available to equip the squadron. However, no B-29s were available to equip the squadron. It moved to Walker Army Air Field, Kansas at the end of the month. Smoky Hill and Walker were two of four bases chosen for B-29 training based on their proximity to Boeing's factory at Wichita, Kansas, where most of the early Superfortresses would be produced.[3]

At Walker, it received its initial cadre from elements of the 40th Bombardment Group and began to fly a mix of Martin B-26 Marauders and Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses.[1][2] Delays in producing the B-29, labor disputes at the engine manufacturer, and modifications to the planes to make them ready for combat resulted in belated deliveries to combat units and it was close to the end of 1943 before aircrews could train in the new bomber in any number. Ground echelon personnel began shipping out in December 1943 to prepare the airfields for the bombers without completing their training in the United States.[4] The air echelon of the squadron trained with the B-29 at Walker until March 1944, when it departed for its first overseas base, Piardoba Airfield, Bengal, India,[1] to participate in Operation Matterhorn, which called for B-29 attacks from advanced bases in China, while the bombers' main bases were in India.[5]

Operations from India and China edit

The air echelon ferried its planes to India via Canada, across north Africa then to India.[6][1] Once all elements of the 462d Group had arrived at Piardoba in June, the squadron became part of Twentieth Air Force, which reported directly to Headquarters, Army Air Forces, bypassing theater command. Initially, the squadron's bombers were used to airlift supplies over the Hump to forward bases in China, primarily to Chengtu.[2] It flew its first combat mission, an attack on rail targets in Bangkok, Thailand on 5 June 1944.[7][8]

Ten days later, the squadron took part in the first attack on the Japanese Home Islands since the 1942 Doolittle Raid. Attacks on Japan required staging through forward bases in China, and it took twelve flights by the bombers to transport enough fuel and munitions to the forward bases to prepare for one attack sortie.[b] This limited attacks on Japan to one in ten days.[2] However, the squadron attacked iron plants, aircraft factories, naval installations, transportation centers and other targets in Japan.[7] The squadron moved its available aircraft to the forward base at Chiung-Lai Airfield. Staging of B-29s, already armed and loaded with bombs began on 13 June and was only completed on the day of the raid, with only refueling needed at Chiung-Lai. The primary target for this mission was the Imperial Steel Works at Yawata.[9]

The squadron also attacked targets in Burma, China, Formosa and Indonesia. In August 1944, operating from China Bay Airport in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), where the Royal Air Force provided support for the mission, it mined the Musi River in Sumatra during Operation Boomerang, dropping down below a 1000-foot ceiling to sow the mines. On 20 August, the squadron again attacked iron and steel works in Yawata, Japan in a daylight raid for which it earned its first Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC).[7] Fighter opposition on this attack included the first experience of a Japanese fighter plane intentionally ramming a B-29.[10]

In October 1944, the 462d Bombardment Group was reorganized, along with other groups in XX Bomber Command. The squadron's strength was increased by three B-29s made available by the inactivation of the 771st Bombardment Squadron and maintenance personnel from the disbanding maintenance squadrons of the 462d.[11] During its remaining time in the China-Burma-India Theater, the squadron found itself more frequently attacking tactical targets in Formosa and the Philippines to support of forces advancing in the Pacific.[12]

Operations from the Marianas and return home edit

By the spring of 1945, Allied forces advancing in the Pacific had captured the Mariana Islands, and B-29 bases were being constructed there. In April, the squadron moved to the new West Field (Tinian),[7] which was nearer to Japan and would permit direct strikes on the Home Islands without staging through advanced bases.

From Tinian, the squadron participated in the strategic bombing campaign against Japan, conducting mining operations and making night attacks against urban areas. Between 23 and 25 May 1945, it bombed industrial areas of Tokyo and Yokohama, for which it was awarded a second DUC. It earned a third DUC for an attack on an aircraft manufacturing plant at Takarazuka on 25 July.[7]

The squadron flew its last mission of the war on 14 August 1945.[2] Following V-J Day the squadron remained on Tinian until November 1945, when it moved to MacDill Field, Florida. It was only partially staffed while there,[2] and it was inactivated at MacDill on 31 March 1946, shortly after the formation of Strategic Air Command (SAC).[7]

Strategic Air Command operations edit

In 1962, in order to perpetuate the lineage of inactive bombardment units with illustrious World War II records, SAC received authority from Headquarters USAF to discontinue its Major Command controlled strategic wings that were equipped with combat aircraft and to activate Air Force controlled units, which could carry a lineage and history, in their place.[c] As a result, the 462d Strategic Aerospace Wing replaced the 4170th Strategic Wing at Larson Air Force Base, Washington. As part of this organizational action, the squadron took over the mission, personnel and equipment of the 327th Bombardment Squadron, which was simultaneously inactivated.[1][13][14] SAC wings were organized under the dual deputy system, so the squadron was assigned directly to the 462d Wing, rather than to a group.[13]

One half of the squadron's Boeing B-52 Stratofortress aircraft were maintained on fifteen minute alert, fully fueled and ready for combat to reduce vulnerability to a Soviet missile strike.[15] The squadron continued the mission of strategic bombardment training and participated in exercises and operational readiness inspections. However, "[i]n December 1965, . . . Robert S. McNamara, Secretary of Defense [announced] another phaseout program that would further reduce SAC's bomber force. Basically, this program called for . . . retirement of all B-52Cs and of several subsequent B-52 models."[16] The squadron became non-operational in April 1966, and was inactivated on 25 June 1966 in preparation for the closure of Larson.[13]

Lineage edit

  • Constituted as the 768th Bombardment Squadron (Heavy) on 19 May 1943
Activated on 1 July 1943
Redesignated 768th Bombardment Squadron, Very Heavy on 20 November 1943
Inactivated on 31 March 1946
  • Redesignated 768th Bombardment Squadron, Heavy and activated on 15 November 1962 (not organized)
Organized on 1 February 1963[17]
Inactivated on 25 June 1966[18]

Assignments edit

  • 462d Bombardment Group, 1 July 1943 – 31 March 1946
  • Strategic Air Command, 15 November 1962 (not organized)[17]
  • 462d Strategic Aerospace Wing, 1 February 1963 – 25 June 1966[13]

Stations edit

Aircraft edit

Awards and campaigns edit

Award streamer Award Dates Notes
  Distinguished Unit Citation 20 August 1944 Yawata, Japan[1]
  Distinguished Unit Citation 23, 25 and 29 May 1945 Tokyo and Yokohama, Japan[1]
  Distinguished Unit Citation 24 July 1945 Takarazuka, Japan[1]
Campaign Streamer Campaign Dates Notes
  India-Burma c. 16 April 1944 – 28 January 1945 [1]
  China Defensive c. 16 April 1944 – 4 May 1945 [1]
  Air Offensive, Japan 15 June 1944 – 2 September 1945 [1]
  Central Burma 29 January 1945 – April 1945 [1]
  Western Pacific 17 April 1945 – 2 September 1945 [1]

See also edit

References edit

Notes edit

Explanatory notes
  1. ^ Aircraft is Bell Aircraft built Boeing B-29-10-BA Superfortress, serial 42-63393, Rushin' Rotation, later Rush Order. Baugher, Joe (10 June 2023). "1942 USAF Serial Numbers". Joe Baugher. Retrieved 25 June 2023.This plane was scrapped at Gulfport Army Air Field on 10 March 1946. Taken at Piardoba Airfield, India.
  2. ^ The twelve to one statistic appears in various forms. This is how the statement appears in the unit history. Cate, however, states that the bombers consumed twelve gallons of fuel to transport one gallon that could be used for combat missions. Cate, p. 90.
  3. ^ Major Command controlled (MAJCON) units could not carry a permanent history or lineage. Ravenstein, Guide to Air Force Lineage and Honors, p. 12.
Citations
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 745–746
  2. ^ a b c d e f "462nd Bomb Group Historical Overview" (PDF). The New England Air Museum. 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  3. ^ Cate, p.53
  4. ^ Cate, pp. 55-56
  5. ^ Cate, pp. 41-42
  6. ^ Cate, pp. 77-79
  7. ^ a b c d e f Maurer, Combat Units, pp. 337–338
  8. ^ Robertson, Patsy (20 June 2010). "Factsheet Twentieth Air Force (Air Forces Strategic) (AFGSC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  9. ^ Cate, p. 99
  10. ^ Cate, p. 114
  11. ^ Cate, p. 123
  12. ^ Cate, pp. 136-138
  13. ^ a b c d Ravenstein, Combat Wings, p. 256
  14. ^ Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 402–403
  15. ^ "Abstract (Unclassified), History of the Strategic Bomber since 1945 (Top Secret, downgraded to Secret)". Air Force History Index. 1 April 1975. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
  16. ^ Knaack, p. 248 n.41
  17. ^ a b c d Lineage information, including assignments, stations and aircraft, through March 1963 in Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 745–746
  18. ^ a b c See Ravenstein, Combat Wings, p. 256 (inactivation of 462d Wing)

Bibliography edit

  This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency

  • Cate, James L (1953). "The Twentieth Air Force and Matterhorn". In Craven, Wesley F; Cate, James L (eds.). The Army Air Forces in World War II (PDF). Vol. V, The Pacific: Matterhorn to Nagasaki. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. LCCN 48003657. OCLC 704158. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
  • Knaack, Marcelle Size (1978). Encyclopedia of US Air Force Aircraft and Missile Systems (PDF). Vol. 2, Post-World War II Bombers 1945–1973. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-59-5. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
  • Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1983) [1961]. Air Force Combat Units of World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-02-1. LCCN 61060979. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
  • Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1982) [1969]. Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-405-12194-6. LCCN 70605402. OCLC 72556.
  • Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). Air Force Combat Wings, Lineage & Honors Histories 1947-1977. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-12-9. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
  • Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). A Guide to Air Force Lineage and Honors (2d, Revised ed.). Maxwell AFB, AL: USAF Historical Research Center.

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