Summary
Affirmative Repositioning (AR) is a leftist political movement in Namibia mainly focused on land reform, youth empowerment and social reform. Founded in 2014 by Job Amupanda, Dimbulukeni Nauyoma and George Kambala, the AR uses social media platforms to mobilise residents to apply for erven (small residential land titles) from municipalities. Due to thousands of youth submitting their forms on the same day, these activities have the character of mass demonstrations. The movement had, in a first round in November 2014, achieved a wave of individual land applications in Windhoek, Namibia's capital, which had since spread to other Namibian towns. The Affirmative Repositioning movement had threatened to take the land by force had the applications not have been processed and approved by July 2015 in the local municipalities.[4][5]
Affirmative Repositioning | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Abbreviation | AR |
| Founded | 10 November 2014 |
| Split from | SWAPO |
| Headquarters | Windhoek, Namibia |
| Ideology | Marxism-Leninism[1] Fanonism Sankarism Anti-imperialism Pan-Africanism[2] Land reform[3] |
| Political position | Left-wing to far-left |
| International affiliation | World Federation of Democratic Youth |
Establishment and operations edit
As a social movement edit
On 9 November 2014, Amupanda, Kambala and Nauyoma cleared land which they named "Erf 2014" in Windhoek's affluent Kleine Kuppe suburb, stating high rental prices in town and nepotism in the municipality as reasons for their actions.[6] The action was widely seen as illegal land grabbing. Amupanda, who was SWAPO Party Youth League (SPYL)'s Secretary for Information, Publicity and Mobilisation at that time and also served in the youth wing's executive committee, resigned his positions shortly before all three activists were expelled from SWAPO for their actions. This expulsion was ordered by the 'Top four' of SWAPO party: president Hifikepunye Pohamba, vice-president Hage Geingob, secretary-general Nangolo Mbumba, and his deputy Laura McLeod-Katjirua.[7] The trio vacated the illegally occupied plot after a few days.
In the meantime, AR activists started mobilising young people to apply for land at the Windhoek municipality. They used social media and existing SWAPO Youth League party structures.[8] On 21 November 2014 the City of Windhoek received 14,000 individual land applications.[9] In a second round of mass action on 27 February 2015, Windhoek received a further 2,500 applications. Land applications were also handed in to the municipalities of Walvis Bay (9,500 applications), Okahandja (4,000), Swakopmund (3,000),[10] Ongwediva (2,500), Oshakati (2,500), Keetmanshoop (800), Rundu (400), Otjiwarongo (200) and Tsumeb (200).[11]
In April 2015 the municipality of Henties Bay offered 120 serviced land plots to applicants of the AR movement, among them Amupanda, Nauyoma, and Kambala. This move has been widely criticised, and the AR leaders were accused of misusing their movement's goals by applying for plots in the upmarket holiday town of Henties Bay while being residents of Windhoek.[12][13] As of May 2015[update] the plots have not been transferred.[14]
In May 2016 all three AR leaders were reinstated as SWAPO members after they won their respective court case against the party.[15]
As political party edit
After political commentators had for some time speculated that the Affirmative Repositioning movement would transform into a political party,[16][17] the movement was registered for the 2020 local elections as an association in the urban centres of Windhoek, Walvis Bay and Swakopmund.[18]
Reception edit
In 2015, AR was described as the "biggest peaceful mass action since Namibia’s independence in 1990."[10] The level of organisation within the movement as well as the variety of political promises by its main activist, Amupanda, raised the concern that AR might be a "political party in the making".[8] SWAPO has generally condemned the initial land grab, but regarding the subsequent mobilisation action the party has not taken a uniform position. Former SPYL secretary-general Elijah Ngurare has backed the movement but several regional SWAPO politicians do not approve of it.[19]
References edit
- ^ Becker, Heike (2016-01-18). "Namibia's Moment: Youth and Urban Land Activism". Review of African Political Economy. Retrieved 2021-07-05.
- ^ Metsola, Lalli (2018-10-01). "Incremental Dependencies: Politics and Ethics of Claim-making at the Fringes of Windhoek, Namibia". Revue internationale de politique de développement (10): 162–187. doi:10.4000/poldev.2685. hdl:10138/299207. ISSN 1663-9383. S2CID 158177952.
- ^ Kamwanyah, Ndumba J. "Affirmative Repositioning: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly". The Namibian. Retrieved 2021-07-05.
- ^ Ndalikokule, Paulina (2019-04-24). "AR to launch 'People's Litigation Centre'". The Namibian. Retrieved 2021-07-05.
- ^ https://allafrica.com/stories/201901220516.html | Namibia: AR to Challenge Squatters Law After Activist's Bail - allAfrica.com
- ^ Kambala, George; Nauyoma, Dimbulukeni; Amupanda, Job Shipululo (13 February 2015). "Affirmative Repositioning – The Two Options". New Era.
- ^ Mongudhi, Tileni; Haidula, Tuyeimo (4 March 2015). "Politburo endorses Amupanda's suspension". The Namibian.[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b Ndimbira, Diana (27 February 2015). "Amupanda causes panic". Windhoek Observer.
- ^ Tjihenua, Theresia; Haidula, Tuyeimo (24 November 2014). "14 000 submit land applications". The Namibian. Archived from the original on 28 April 2015. Retrieved 28 April 2015.
- ^ a b "Mass land application peaceful". The Citizen. 28 February 2015. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 28 April 2015.
- ^ "Mass land applications hailed a success". New Era. 2 March 2015.
- ^ Heita, Hileni (24 April 2015). "AR Trio Receive Henties Plots". Windhoek Observer. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 7 May 2015.
- ^ Beukes, Jemima (7 May 2015). "Amupanda disappointed by Gurirab's remarks". Namibian Sun. Archived from the original on 2015-05-15. Retrieved 2015-05-07.
- ^ Haidula, Tuyeimo (7 May 2015). "'Follow Swapo land policy'". The Namibian.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Muraranganda, Elvis (16 May 2016). "Swapo welcomes back expelled quartet". New Era.
- ^ Whittaker, Shaun; Boesak, Harry; van Wyk, Mitchell (20 December 2019). "Namibia Post-Swapo". The Namibian.
- ^ Iikela, Sakeus (19 September 2019). "AR promises 76 000 houses for Windhoek". The Namibian. p. 3.
- ^ Iikela, Sakeus (23 September 2020). "ECN registers 22 associations". The Namibian.
- ^ "Swapo divided on land applications". New Era. 27 February 2015.