Enolase 1 (ENO1), more commonly known as alpha-enolase, is a glycolyticenzyme expressed in most tissues, one of the isozymes of enolase. Each isoenzyme is a homodimer composed of 2 alpha, 2 gamma, or 2 beta subunits, and functions as a glycolytic enzyme. Alpha-enolase, in addition, functions as a structural lens protein (tau-crystallin) in the monomeric form. Alternative splicing of this gene results in a shorter isoform that has been shown to bind to the c-myc promoter and function as a tumor suppressor. Several pseudogenes have been identified, including one on the long arm of chromosome 1. Alpha-enolase has also been identified as an autoantigen in Hashimoto encephalopathy.[5]
The mRNA transcript of the ENO1 gene can be alternatively translated into a cytoplasmic protein, with a molecular weight of 48 kDa, or a nuclear protein, with a molecular weight of a 37 kDa.[9][10] The nuclear form was previously identified as Myc-binding protein-1 (MBP1), which downregulates the protein level of the c-mycprotooncogene.[10] A start codon at codon 97 of ENO1 and a Kozak consensus sequence were found preceding the 3' region of ENO1 encoding the MBP1 protein. In addition, the N-terminal region of the MBP1 protein it critical to DNA binding and, thus, its inhibitory function.[10]
ENO1 is located on the 1p36 tumor suppressor locus near MIR34A which is homozygously deleted in Glioblastoma, Hepatocellular carcinoma and Cholangiocarcinoma.[15][16] The co-deletion of ENO1 is a passenger event with the resultant tumor cells being entirely dependent on ENO2 for the execution of glycolysis.[17][18] Tumor cells with such deletions are exceptionally sensitive towards ablation of ENO2.[17][18] Inhibition of ENO2 in ENO1-homozygously deleted cancer cells constitutes an example of synthetic lethality treatment for cancer.
CagA protein was found to activate ENO1 expression through activating the Src and MEK/ERKpathways as a mechanism for H. pylori-mediated gastric diseases.[14]
Hemolytic anemiaedit
Enolase deficiency is a rare inborn error of metabolism disease, leads to hemolytic anemia in affected homozygous carriers of loss of function mutations in ENO1.[25] As with other glycolysis enzyme deficiency diseases, the condition is aggravated by redox-cycling agents such as nitrofurantoin.
Interactive pathway mapedit
Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles.[§ 1]
[[File:
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
[[]]
|alt=Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis edit]]
Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis edit
^The interactive pathway map can be edited at WikiPathways: "GlycolysisGluconeogenesis_WP534".
^ abcdefghZhu X, Miao X, Wu Y, Li C, Guo Y, Liu Y, Chen Y, Lu X, Wang Y, He S (July 2015). "ENO1 promotes tumor proliferation and cell adhesion mediated drug resistance (CAM-DR) in non-Hodgkin lymphomas". Experimental Cell Research. 335 (2): 216–23. doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.05.020. PMID 26024773.
^Kim AY, Lim B, Choi J, Kim J (October 2016). "The TFG-TEC oncoprotein induces transcriptional activation of the human β-enolase gene via chromatin modification of the promoter region". Molecular Carcinogenesis. 55 (10): 1411–23. doi:10.1002/mc.22384. PMID 26310886. S2CID 25167240.
^Giallongo A, Venturella S, Oliva D, Barbieri G, Rubino P, Feo S (June 1993). "Structural features of the human gene for muscle-specific enolase. Differential splicing in the 5'-untranslated sequence generates two forms of mRNA". European Journal of Biochemistry. 214 (2): 367–74. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1993.tb17932.x. PMID 8513787.
^ abcdefghiSong Y, Luo Q, Long H, Hu Z, Que T, Zhang X, Li Z, Wang G, Yi L, Liu Z, Fang W, Qi S (March 2014). "Alpha-enolase as a potential cancer prognostic marker promotes cell growth, migration, and invasion in glioma". Molecular Cancer. 13: 65. doi:10.1186/1476-4598-13-65. PMC3994408. PMID 24650096.
^ abcdeSubramanian A, Miller DM (February 2000). "Structural analysis of alpha-enolase. Mapping the functional domains involved in down-regulation of the c-myc protooncogene". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 275 (8): 5958–65. doi:10.1074/jbc.275.8.5958. PMID 10681589.
^ abcdGao J, Zhao R, Xue Y, Niu Z, Cui K, Yu F, Zhang B, Li S (April 2013). "Role of enolase-1 in response to hypoxia in breast cancer: exploring the mechanisms of action". Oncology Reports. 29 (4): 1322–32. doi:10.3892/or.2013.2269. PMID 23381546.
^Pancholi V (June 2001). "Multifunctional alpha-enolase: its role in diseases". Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 58 (7): 902–20. doi:10.1007/pl00000910. PMID 11497239. S2CID 9191423.
^ abcdHsiao KC, Shih NY, Fang HL, Huang TS, Kuo CC, Chu PY, Hung YM, Chou SW, Yang YY, Chang GC, Liu KJ (2013). "Surface α-enolase promotes extracellular matrix degradation and tumor metastasis and represents a new therapeutic target". PLOS ONE. 8 (7): e69354. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...869354H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0069354. PMC3716638. PMID 23894455.
^ abcChen S, Duan G, Zhang R, Fan Q (August 2014). "Helicobacter pylori cytotoxin-associated gene A protein upregulates α-enolase expression via Src/MEK/ERK pathway: implication for progression of gastric cancer". International Journal of Oncology. 45 (2): 764–70. doi:10.3892/ijo.2014.2444. PMID 24841372.
^Muller FL, Aquilanti EA, DePinho RA (November 2015). "Collateral Lethality: A new therapeutic strategy in oncology". Trends in Cancer. 1 (3): 161–173. doi:10.1016/j.trecan.2015.10.002. PMC4746004. PMID 26870836.
^Rus HG, Niculescu F, Vlaicu R (August 1991). "Tumor necrosis factor-alpha in human arterial wall with atherosclerosis". Atherosclerosis. 89 (2–3): 247–54. doi:10.1016/0021-9150(91)90066-C. PMID 1793452.
^ abLeonard PG, Satani N, Maxwell D, Lin YH, Hammoudi N, Peng Z, Pisaneschi F, Link TM, Lee GR, Sun D, Prasad BA, Di Francesco ME, Czako B, Asara JM, Wang YA, Bornmann W, DePinho RA, Muller FL (December 2016). "SF2312 is a natural phosphonate inhibitor of enolase". Nature Chemical Biology. 12 (12): 1053–1058. doi:10.1038/nchembio.2195. PMC5110371. PMID 27723749.
^ abMuller FL, Colla S, Aquilanti E, Manzo VE, Genovese G, Lee J, Eisenson D, Narurkar R, Deng P, Nezi L, Lee MA, Hu B, Hu J, Sahin E, Ong D, Fletcher-Sananikone E, Ho D, Kwong L, Brennan C, Wang YA, Chin L, DePinho RA (August 2012). "Passenger deletions generate therapeutic vulnerabilities in cancer". Nature. 488 (7411): 337–42. Bibcode:2012Natur.488..337M. doi:10.1038/nature11331. PMC3712624. PMID 22895339.
^Moore TL, Gillian BE, Crespo-Pagnussat S, Feller L, Chauhan AK (2014). "Measurement and evaluation of isotypes of anti-citrullinated fibrinogen and anti-citrullinated alpha-enolase antibodies in juvenile idiopathic arthritis". Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology. 32 (5): 740–6. PMID 25068682.
^Yoneda M, Fujii A, Ito A, Yokoyama H, Nakagawa H, Kuriyama M (April 2007). "High prevalence of serum autoantibodies against the amino terminal of alpha-enolase in Hashimoto's encephalopathy". Journal of Neuroimmunology. 185 (1–2): 195–200. doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.01.018. PMID 17335908. S2CID 11857420.
^Nahm DH, Lee KH, Shin JY, Ye YM, Kang Y, Park HS (August 2006). "Identification of alpha-enolase as an autoantigen associated with severe asthma". The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 118 (2): 376–81. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2006.04.002. PMID 16890761.
^Lee KH, Chung HS, Kim HS, Oh SH, Ha MK, Baik JH, Lee S, Bang D (July 2003). "Human alpha-enolase from endothelial cells as a target antigen of anti-endothelial cell antibody in Behçet's disease". Arthritis and Rheumatism. 48 (7): 2025–35. doi:10.1002/art.11074. PMID 12847697.
^Srivastava OP, Chandrasekaran D, Pfister RR (December 2006). "Molecular changes in selected epithelial proteins in human keratoconus corneas compared to normal corneas". Molecular Vision. 12: 1615–25. PMID 17200661.
^Nielsen K, Vorum H, Fagerholm P, Birkenkamp-Demtröder K, Honoré B, Ehlers N, Orntoft TF (February 2006). "Proteome profiling of corneal epithelium and identification of marker proteins for keratoconus, a pilot study". Experimental Eye Research. 82 (2): 201–9. doi:10.1016/j.exer.2005.06.009. PMID 16083875.
^Stefanini M (1972). "Chronic hemolytic anemia associated with erythrocyte enolase deficiency exacerbated by ingestion of nitrofurantoin". American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 58 (4): 408–14. doi:10.1093/ajcp/58.5.408. PMID 4640298.
^Ghosh AK, Majumder M, Steele R, White RA, Ray RB (January 2001). "A novel 16-kilodalton cellular protein physically interacts with and antagonizes the functional activity of c-myc promoter-binding protein 1". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 21 (2): 655–62. doi:10.1128/MCB.21.2.655-662.2001. PMC86643. PMID 11134351.