Summary
Ancient boat building methods can be categorized as one of hide, log, sewn, lashed-plank, clinker (and reverse-clinker), shell-first, and frame-first. While the frame-first technique dominates the modern ship construction industry, the ancients relied primarily on the other techniques to build their watercraft. In many cases, these techniques were very labor-intensive and/or inefficient in their use of raw materials. Regardless of differences in ship construction techniques, the vessels of the ancient world, particularly those that plied the waters of the Mediterranean Sea and the islands of Southeast Asia were seaworthy craft, capable of allowing people to engage in large-scale maritime trade.[1]
History edit
The earliest archaeological evidence comes from dugout canoes found in peat bogs in Pesse, the Netherlands and dates to around 8000 years ago.[2] Seafaring is found around the world,[3] and many of these techniques are still in use today.[4]
Framed boats edit
Skin boats edit
Skin boats dominated seafaring in places that were scarce on wood, including the arctic and subarctic. They were made by stretching skin or leather over frames of wood or bone. These include kayaks and umiaks, coracles and currachs.
Bark canoes edit
Bark canoes were made by stretching bark over wooden frames, and were used by Native Americans in North America.[5]
Early wooden boats edit
Rafts edit
Rafts were made where wood was available but not large enough to carve into dugouts and they could also be made from reeds. The earliest Egyptian boats were rafts made of papyrus; wooden boats did not replace rafts until the Gerzean/Naqada II Period.[6]
Dugout boats edit
Dugout boats were made wherever trees grew large enough to support them, including Holocene Europe, Northeastern Nigeria[7] [2] the West Coast of America,[8] and Polynesian seafarers. Dugouts are defined as being carved out of a single piece of wood, and they could be elaborately decorated and quite seaworthy.
Shell-first edit
The shell-first technique involves constructing the "shell" of the boat first, then laying in the framework.
Sewn and lashed-plank edit
Instead of using nails, the planks of a boat can be "sewn" together with rope. Evidence for the use of sewn-fastenings in plank boats has been found worldwide. Fastenings of this type have been demonstrated to perform well in coastal regions, being capable of withstanding the rigors of heavy surf as well as the impact of beaching.[9] The lashed-plank technique can be found worldwide as well.[10]
Clinker and reverse clinker edit
The clinker and reverse-clinker construction techniques involve fastening together an overlapping layer of planks with straight nails (clinker) or hooked nails (reverse clinker). The clinker tradition developed in Northern Europe,[11] while the reverse-clinker technique, although very rarely found worldwide, has been found to be very prevalent among certain South Asian communities, such as that of Orissa in India.[4]
Mortise-and-tenon joint edit
This construction technique relied extensively on structural support provided by peg-mortise-and-tenon joinery through the shell of the boat. This method of ship construction appears to have originated from the seafaring nations of the Mediterranean, although evidence of peg-mortise-and-tenon joinery later appears in Southeast Asia.[10]
Frame-first edit
Frame-first construction involves laying down the framework of the vessel before attaching the planks to the boat. This is normally done by erecting a "master frame" in the center of the keel, and deriving the shapes of the other frames using a curved piece of wood stretched between the frame and the end posts, or through a geometric curve. The Yassiada wreck dating to the 7th century AD was long cited as the earliest evidence for frame-first construction technique, but two wrecks for Dor (Tanura) Lagoon in Israel dated to around 500 AD were built frame first.[12] This technique was rarer in the rest of the world until the coming of the modern era.[10][3]
See also edit
Notes edit
- ^ Manguin 1993.
- ^ a b Bednarik 1997.
- ^ a b McGrail 2004.
- ^ a b McGrail 2003.
- ^ Adney, Edwin Tappan; Chapelle, Howard Irving (2007). Bark Canoes and Skin Boats of North America. Skyhorse Publishing, Inc.
- ^ Steve, Vinson (1994). Egyptian Boats and Ships. Osprey Publishing. p. 12.
- ^ "Directing archaeological excavation". Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 3 April 2023.
- ^ "Dugout Canoe". The Candiand Encyclopedia. Retrieved 13 May 2015.
- ^ McGrail 2004, p. 71, 77.
- ^ a b c Bellwood & Cameron 2007.
- ^ McGrail 2004, p. 244.
- ^ Catsambi, Alexis; Ford, Ben; Hamilton, Donny (2011). The Oxford Handbook of Maritime Archaeology.
References edit
- Bass, George F.; van Doorninck, Frederick H. Jr. (1982). Yassi Ada 1: A Seventh-Century Byzantine Shipwreck. College Station.
- Bednarik, Robert (1997). "The earliest evidence of ocean navigation". International Journal of Nautical Archaeology. 26 (3): 183–191. doi:10.1111/j.1095-9270.1997.tb01331.x.
- Bellwood, P.; Cameron, J. (2007). "Ancient Boats, Boat Timbers, and Locked Mortise-and-Tenon Joints from Bronze/Iron-Age Northern Vietnam". The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology. 36: 2–20. doi:10.1111/j.1095-9270.2006.00128.x. S2CID 162593190.
- Manguin, P.Y. (1993). "Trading Ships of the South China Sea". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 36 (3): 253–280. doi:10.1163/156852093x00056.
- McGrail, S. (2003). Boats of South Asia. RoutledgeCurzon.
- McGrail, S. (2004). Boats of the World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Roorda, Eric (2020). The Ocean Reader: History, Culture, Politics. Duke University Press.