BREAKING NEWS
Cloud Server Hosting For Online Businesses
Inexpensive SEO Services
Benefits of Wanting to play Free Online Slot machines
Aonghus mac Somhairle

Summary

Aonghus mac Somhairle (died 1210) was a leading member of Clann Somhairle.[note 1] He was a son of Somhairle mac Giolla Brighde, King of the Isles and Ragnhildr Óláfsdóttir. Other sons of Somhairle and Ragnhildr include Dubhghall, Raghnall, and possibly Amhlaoíbh. Aonghus' father was the common ancestor of Clann Somhairle. The succession of this kindred upon Somhairle's death is uncertain. The Clann Somhairle imperium appears to have spanned from Glenelg in the north, to the Mull of Kintyre in the south. It is possible that Aonghus came to rule in the north, with Dubhghall centred in Lorne, and Raghnall in Kintyre and the southern islands.

Aonghus mac Somhairle
Refer to caption
Aonghus' name as it appears on folio 41r of British Library Cotton Julius A VII (the Chronicle of Mann): "Engus filius Sumerledi".[1]
Died1210
Skye
Noble familyClann Somhairle
FatherSomhairle mac Giolla Brighde
MotherRagnhildr Óláfsdóttir

Although one mediaeval chronicle appears to indicate that Dubhghall succeeded Somhairle, Raghnall eventually gained dominance, perhaps at Dubhghall's expense. In time, Raghnall and Aonghus came into conflict, and Aonghus is recorded to have defeated Raghnall outright in 1192. The fact that Raghnall does not appear on record after this event could mark his downfall and death. In 1209, Raghnall's sons are recorded to have defeated the men of Skye, and the following year Aonghus and his sons are reported to have been slain on the same island. These events appear to indicate that Aonghus succeeded Raghnall in about 1192, and was killed by the latter's sons—Ruaidhrí and Domhnall—after which Ruaidhrí seems to have secured control of the succession.

As a result of the kin-strife between Raghnall and Aonghus, Raghnall appears to have forged an alliance with the family of Walter fitz Alan, Steward of Scotland. One consequence of the struggle between the brothers seems to have been the extension of authority of the steward's family into Cowal and the islands of the Firth of Clyde. Although Ruaidhrí originally seems to have held power in Kintyre, his later descendants are known to have held lordship in the Hebrides and the lands the main territories that came to be known as Garmoran. One possibility is that these territories were gained after Aonghus' death, and the annihilation of his line.

Clann Somhairle dynast edit

 
Locations relating to Aonghus' life and times.

Aonghus was a son of Somhairle mac Giolla Brighde, King of the Isles,[9] the common ancestor of Clann Somhairle.[10] Aonghus' mother was Ragnhildr, daughter of Óláfr Guðrøðarson, King of the Isles.[11] According to the thirteenth- to fourteenth-century Chronicle of Mann, Somhairle and Ragnhildr had several sons: Dubhghall, Raghnall, Aonghus, and Amhlaoíbh.[12] Aonghus appears to have been a younger brother of Raghnall.[13] The Clann Somhairle claim to the kingship of the Isles seems to have stemmed from its descent from Ragnhildr,[14] a granddaughter[15] of the common ancestor of the Crovan dynasty.[16] In the mid twelfth century, Somhairle confronted Ragnhildr's brother, Guðrøðr Óláfsson, King of the Isles, and wrested the kingship from him. Somhairle's coup resulted in the division of the Kingdom of the Isles between his descendants and Guðrøðr's.[17]

There is uncertainty regarding the succession of the Clann Somhairle leadership after Somhairle's death in 1164. Although the Chronicle of Mann appears to reveal that Dubhghall was the senior dynast in the 1150s,[18] this man's next and last attestation, preserved by the Durham Liber vitae, fails to accord him a royal title.[19] One possibility is that Dubhghall was succeeded or supplanted by Raghnall,[20] whose recorded title of rex insularum, dominus de Ergile et Kyntyre ("king of the Isles, lord of Argyll and Kintyre")[21] could indicate that Raghnall claimed control over the Clann Somhairle territories.[22]

 
The name of Aonghus' brother, Dubhghall, as it appears on folio 16v of British Library Cotton Domitian A VII (the Durham Liber vitae): "Dunegal filius Sumerledi".[23]

Although there is no direct evidence that Somhairle's imperium fragmented upon his death, there is reason to suspect that it was indeed divided between his sons.[24][note 2] Whilst the division of territories amongst later generations of Clann Somhairle can be readily discerned, such boundaries are unlikely to have existed during the chaotic twelfth century.[26] It is possible that the territory of the first generation of Clann Somhairle stretched from Glenelg in the north, to the Mull of Kintyre in the south: with Aonghus ruling in the north, Dubhghall centred in Lorne (with possibly the bulk of the inheritance), and Raghnall in Kintyre and the southern islands.[27]

Attestations and extirpation edit

 
The names of Aonghus and his brother, Raghnall, as they appear on folio 143r of GKS 1005 fol (Flateyarbók): "Rỏgnvalldr ok Engull".[28]

As with Dubhghall, the year and circumstances of Raghnall's death are uncertain as surviving contemporary sources fail to mark his demise.[29] In 1192, the Chronicle of Mann records that he was defeated by Aonghus in a particularly bloody battle.[30] The chronicle does not identify the location of the battle, or elaborate under what circumstances it was fought. Nevertheless, it is possible that the conflict took place in the northern part of the Clann Somhairle domain where some of Aonghus' territories may have lain. Whilst the clash between Raghnall and Aonghus could have been result of Raghnall's rise in power and expansion at Dubhghall's expense,[31] the encounter could also mark Raghnall's downfall,[32] and perhaps even his death.[29]

 
The seal of Alan fitz Walter, displaying an armed knight on horseback.[33]

There is reason to suspect that the inter-dynastic infighting amongst Clann Somhairle was capitalised upon by the ambitious neighbouring kindred of Walter fitz Alan, Steward of Scotland.[34] At some an uncertain date, Raghnall is known to have made a grant to the Cluniac priory of Paisley.[35] This religious house—which in time became an abbey[36]—was closely associated with Walter's family.[37]

Since Raghnall's grant appears to postdate the clash between him and Aonghus, it could be evidence of an attempt by Raghnall—who may have been seriously weakened from his defeat—to secure an alliance with Walter's son and successor, Alan fitz Walter, Steward of Scotland.[38] Earlier in the century, the steward's family had accumulated substantial lordships near Renfrew and in northern Kyle.[39] Possibly before Walter's death in 1177,[40] or perhaps during the tenure of his succeeding son, the family seems to have extended its influence westward into Cowal, and beyond the frontier of the Scottish realm into the islands of the Firth of Clyde.[41]

 
One of the rook gaming pieces of the Lewis chessmen.[42] The Scandinavian connections of leading members of the Isles may have been reflected in their military armament, and could have resembled that depicted upon such gaming pieces.[43]

The fact that Bute seems to have fallen into the hands of this kindred by about 1200 could indicate that Alan capitalised upon Clann Somhairle's internal discord and thereby seized the island. Alternately, it is also possible that Alan received the island from Raghnall as payment for military support against Aonghus, who seems to have had gained the upper hand over Raghnall by 1192.[44][note 3]

Alan's extension into the west may well have been a cause of concern for William I, King of Scotland. Not only were these islands outwith his own jurisdiction, but they formed part of the Kingdom of the Isles, and were technically within the jurisdiction of the Norwegian commonwealth.[47] It is possible that the alliance between Alan and Raghnall partly precipitated the king's establishment of a royal castle and burgh at Ayr in 1197.[48] This fortress extended Scottish royal authority into the outer Firth of Clyde region, and was probably intended to dominate not only William's peripheral barons,[49] but also independent rulers—such as those of Clann Somhairle and the Crovan dynasty—just beyond the borders of the Scottish realm.[50] Alan's westward expansion appears to have suddenly ceased by about 1200,[51] perhaps partly in consequence of royal anxiety concerning the alliance.[52]

In 1210, the chronicle reports that Aonghus, and his three sons, were slain in battle on Skye.[53] The year before, the fifteenth- to sixteenth-century Annals of Ulster reports that the sons of Raghnall[54]—apparently Ruaidhrí and Domhnall[55]—defeated the men of Skye with great slaughter.[54]

 
Ostensibly the name of Aonghus' nephew, Domhnall mac Raghnaill, as it appears on folio 47v of British Library Cotton Julius A VII: "Dofnaldus".[56]

The annal-entry of 1209 and the chronicle account of 1210 appear to reveal that the Clann Somhairle kin-strife was the cause of increasing instability in the Isles.[57] These two sources could well refer to connected events.[58] For instance, they may be evidence that Raghnall's sons were attempting to extend their authority over the island,[59] and it is possible that it was Ruaidhrí and Domhnall who overcame and slew Aonghus and his sons on Skye.[60] This last stand on Skye could indicate that Aonghus had succeeded Raghnall as the representative of Clann Somhairle, and that Raghnall's sons responded by eliminating their uncle and his line.[61] If so, it is possible that Ruaidhrí seized the Clann Somhairle succession after the annihilation of Aonghus' branch of the kindred.[62][note 4] These accounts of Hebridean warfare may, therefore, signify a radical redistribution of the Clann Somhairle imperium.[65]

The fact the two episodes took place at the same time a Norwegian fleet is reported to have ravaged the Hebrides could indicate that there was some sort of correlation between these events.[66] For example, it is possible that the Clann Somhairle civil-warring was capitalised upon by these sea-borne interlopers.[58] In fact, one of the leaders of the Norwegian contingent was Óspakr suðreyski, a man who appears to have been a member of Clann Somhairle.[58]

Aftermath edit

 
The name of Aonghus' nephew and apparent successor, Ruaidhrí mac Raghnaill, as it appears on folio 63r of Oxford Bodleian Library Rawlinson B 489 (the Annals of Ulster).[67]

In the second decade of the century, the Chronicle of Mann reveals that the wife of the reigning representative of the Crovan dynasty, Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson, King of the Isles, was the sister of the bride of Rǫgnvaldr's rival half-brother, Óláfr Guðrøðarson.[68] Although the precise identity of the half-brothers' shared father-in-law is uncertain,[69] the chronicle describes him as a nobleman from Kintyre.[70] This identification suggests that the man was a member of Clann Somhairle,[71] as sources concerning this kindred associate it with Kintyre more than any other region.[72] The half-brother's father-in-law, therefore, may well have been either Raghnall,[73] or Ruaidhrí[74]—both of whom appear to have been styled "Lord of Kintyre" in contemporary sources[75]—or possibly even Domhnall.[76] It is conceivable that Rǫgnvaldr's union dates before 1210,[72] perhaps not long after 1200.[77] The marital alliance appears to have been orchestrated in an effort to patch up relations between Clann Somhairle and the Crovan dynasty.[78] It is possible that Rǫgnvaldr's kingship was formally recognised by Ruaidhrí as the principal member of Clann Somhairle, and that Ruaidhrí thereby established himself as a leading magnate within a reunified Kingdom of the Isles.[79] Such a development may have taken place at about the time of Aonghus' elimination.[72]

Ruaidhrí was the eponymous ancestor of Clann Ruaidhrí.[80] Although it is possible that Ruaidhrí controlled the lands that made up Garmoran[81] and various islands in the Hebrides,[82] there is uncertainty as to how and when these territories entered into the possession of his family.[83] Later leading members of Clann Ruaidhrí certainly possessed these lands, but evidence of custody before the mid thirteenth century is lacking.[84] One possibility—amongst several—is that Ruaidhrí gained Garmoran in the aftermath of the annihilation of Aonghus' line.[85]

Ancestry edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Since the 1980s, academics have accorded Aonghus various personal names in English secondary sources: Áengus,[2] Aenghus,[3] Aengus,[4] Angus,[5] Aonghus,[6] and Aongus.[7] He is likewise accorded the patronym: Aongus mac Somairle.[8]
  2. ^ Parallels of such familial partitioning can be found amongst the Orcadian comital family and the Crovan dynasty.[25]
  3. ^ There is no evidence indicating that Aonghus ever controlled Bute.[45] However, there is evidence to suggest that a dynasty native to the island was displaced by the Alan's family. For example, a certain Ruðri appears on record in the early thirteenth century claiming the island as his birthright.[46]
  4. ^ Some sources (such as The Scots Peerage) erroneously claim that a granddaughter of Aonghus—named "Jean"—married Alexander Stewart, Steward of Scotland.[63] The mother of Alexander's son, James, is uncertain. Nevertheless, surviving evidence suggests that Alexander was married to Joanna, daughter of Richard Comyn; and that Alexander's sister, Eva, was in turn married to Richard's son, John.[64]
  5. ^ There is reason to suspect that Ragnhildr's mother was Ingibjǫrg, daughter of Páll Hákonarson, Earl of Orkney.[87]
  6. ^ There are numerous pedigrees outlining the patrilineal ancestry of Somhairle's descendants. Although these pedigrees take the Somhairle's line several generations further back than Giolla Adhamhnáin, the successive names become more unusual, and the pedigrees begin to contradict each other. Consequently, Giolla Adhamhnáin may be the furthest the patrilineal line can be taken back with confidence.[86] The patronym accorded to Somhairle by the Annals of Tigernach refers to Giolla Brighde,[88] whilst the patronym accorded to Somhairle by the Annals of Ulster refers to Giolla Adhamhnáin.[89] Together with the evidence of Bethóc's inscribed tombstone (which also names Giolla Brighde),[90] these sources appear to corroborate the identities of Somhairle's father and grandfather.[91]
  7. ^ The familial origins of Guðrøðr Crovan are uncertain.[93]

Citations edit

  1. ^ Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 82–83; Cotton MS Julius A VII (n.d.).
  2. ^ McDonald, RA (2007b).
  3. ^ Brown (2004).
  4. ^ Power (2005).
  5. ^ Holton (2017); McDonald, RA (2012); Oram, RD (2011); Williams (2007); Brown (2004); Sellar (2000); Murray, A (1998); McDonald, RA (1997); Roberts (1997).
  6. ^ Oram, RD (2013); Woolf (2007); Murray, N (2005) p. 288.
  7. ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005); Woolf (2004); Oram, RD (2000).
  8. ^ Oram, RD (2000).
  9. ^ Oram, RD (2011) p. xvii tab. 6; McDonald, RA (2007b) p. 27 tab. 2; Williams (2007) p. 141 ill. 14; Power (2005) p. 33 tab.; Brown (2004) p. 77 fig. 4.1; Sellar (2000) pp. 192 tab. i, 194 tab. ii; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 257 tab. genealogical tree i; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) pp. 196–197 tab.
  10. ^ McDonald, RA (2007b) p. 111; Broun (2005) p. 95; Woolf (2005).
  11. ^ Oram, RD (2011) p. xvii tab. 6; Williams (2007) p. 141 ill. 14; Power (2005) p. 33 tab.; Brown (2004) p. 77 fig. 4.1; Sellar (2000) pp. 192 tab. i, 194 tab. ii.
  12. ^ McDonald, RA (2012) p. 182 n. 168; McDonald, RA (2007b) p. 116; Anderson (1922) p. 137; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 60–61.
  13. ^ Murray, N (2005) p. 288.
  14. ^ Beuermann (2012) p. 5; Williams (2007); Woolf (2005); Brown (2004) p. 70.
  15. ^ Williams (2007) p. 141 ill. 14; Power (2005) p. 33 tab.; Brown (2004) p. 77 fig. 4.1; Sellar (2000) pp. 192 tab. i; Roberts (1997) p. 94 fig. 5.1.
  16. ^ McDonald, RA (2012) p. 150; McDonald, RA (2007a) p. 50; Duffy (2004a).
  17. ^ Duffy (2004a); Sellar (2004).
  18. ^ Holton (2017) p. 125; Woolf (2007) p. 80; Woolf (2004) p. 105; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 197; Anderson (1922) p. 231; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 68–69.
  19. ^ Woolf (2007) p. 80; Woolf (2004) p. 105; Sellar (2000) p. 195; Lawrie (1910) p. 204 § 51; Anderson (1908) p. 264; Stevenson, J (1841) pp. 4, 135.
  20. ^ Addyman; Oram (2012) § 2.3; Oram, RD (2011) pp. 156–157; Woolf (2007) p. 80; Woolf (2004) p. 105; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 198.
  21. ^ McLeod (2002) pp. 29, 31; Sellar (2000) p. 195; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 198; Paul (1882) p. 678 § 3170; Document 3/30/1 (n.d.).
  22. ^ Sellar (2000) p. 195.
  23. ^ Stevenson, J (1841) p. 4; Cotton MS Domitian A VII (n.d.).
  24. ^ Sellar (2000) p. 195; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 70; Roberts (1997) p. 97.
  25. ^ Sellar (2000) p. 195, 195 n. 33.
  26. ^ Brown (2004) p. 75 n. 11; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 70; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 198.
  27. ^ Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 198.
  28. ^ Flateyjarbok (1862) p. 508 ch. 439; GKS 1005 Fol (n.d.).
  29. ^ a b McDonald, RA (1997) pp. 78–79.
  30. ^ Oram, RD (2011) p. 157; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 247; Murray, N (2005) p. 288; Oram, RD (2000) p. 106; McDonald, RA (1997) pp. 74–75; Roberts (1997) p. 98; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) pp. 197–198; Anderson (1922) p. 327; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 80–81.
  31. ^ McDonald, RA (1997) pp. 74–75.
  32. ^ Woolf (2004) p. 105.
  33. ^ Stevenson, JH (1914) pp. 16–17 pl. 1 fig. 1, 17; Macdonald, WR (1904) p. 320 § 2535; Birch (1895) p. 265 § 15731; Hewison (1895) pp. 38–39 fig. 2; Laing (1850) pp. 127 § 772, pl. 3 fig. 2; Liber Sancte Marie de Melrose (1837) pl. 7 fig. 2.
  34. ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 246–247; Oram, RD (2000) p. 106.
  35. ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 247; Murray, N (2005) p. 288; McDonald, RA (2004) pp. 195–196; Oram, RD (2000) p. 111 n. 95; McDonald, RA (1997) pp. 148, 222, 229; McDonald, A (1995) pp. 211–212, 212 n. 132; Registrum Monasterii de Passelet (1832) p. 125; Document 3/30/3 (n.d.).
  36. ^ Barrow (2004).
  37. ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 247; Murray, N (2005) p. 288.
  38. ^ Oram, RD (2011) p. 157; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 247; Murray, N (2005) p. 288; Oram, RD (2000) pp. 106, 111 n. 95.
  39. ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 243; Barrow (2004).
  40. ^ Oram, R (2011); Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 243.
  41. ^ Oram, RD (2011) p. 157; Barrow (2004); Brown (2004) p. 30.
  42. ^ Caldwell; Hall; Wilkinson (2009) pp. 161 fig. 6g, 185 fig. 12.
  43. ^ Strickland (2012) p. 113.
  44. ^ Oram, RD (2011) p. 157; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 247.
  45. ^ Roberts (1997) p. 98.
  46. ^ Boardman (2007) p. 95, 95 n. 33.
  47. ^ Murray, N (2005) p. 288; Oram, RD (2000) p. 106.
  48. ^ Oram, RD (2011) p. 157; Murray, N (2005) p. 288.
  49. ^ Oram, RD (2011) p. 157; Oram, RD (2000) p. 106.
  50. ^ Oram, RD (2011) p. 157; McDonald, RA (2007b) p. 112; Duffy (1993) p. 73; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 199.
  51. ^ Murray, N (2005) p. 289, 289 n. 21; Oram, RD (2000) p. 132.
  52. ^ Oram, RD (2000) p. 132.
  53. ^ Oram, RD (2011) pp. 168–169; Woolf (2007) p. 80; Brown (2004) p. 71; Sellar (2000) p. 195; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 80; Roberts (1997) p. 98; Anderson (1922) p. 387; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 82–83.
  54. ^ a b Oram, RD (2011) p. 168; McDonald, RA (2007b) p. 112; Annala Uladh (2005) § 1209.2; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 248; Oram, RD (2005) p. 7; Brown (2004) p. 71; Annala Uladh (2003) § 1209.2; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 80; Anderson (1922) p. 378.
  55. ^ Brown (2004) p. 71.
  56. ^ Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 102–103; Cotton MS Julius A VII (n.d.).
  57. ^ Oram, RD (2011) pp. 168–169.
  58. ^ a b c Power (2005) p. 39.
  59. ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 248.
  60. ^ Brown (2004) p. 71; Woolf (2004) p. 105.
  61. ^ Woolf (2007) p. 80; Woolf (2004) p. 105.
  62. ^ Woolf (2007) pp. 80–81.
  63. ^ Sellar (2000) p. 195 n. 34; Paul (1908) p. 31; Paul (1904) p. 13.
  64. ^ MacEwen (2011) p. 391 n. 2.
  65. ^ Oram, RD (2013) ch. 4; Power (2005) p. 39.
  66. ^ McDonald, RA (2007b) p. 112; Power (2005) p. 39; Roberts (1997) p. 98; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 197.
  67. ^ Annala Uladh (2005) § 1214.2; Annala Uladh (2003) § 1214.2; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 489 (n.d.).
  68. ^ Cochran-Yu (2015) p. 36; McDonald, RA (2007b) p. 116; Woolf (2007) p. 81; Pollock (2005) p. 27, 27 n. 138; Woolf (2003) p. 178; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 85; Anderson (1922) p. 457; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 84–85.
  69. ^ Oram, RD (2013) ch. 4; McDonald, RA (2007b) pp. 116–117.
  70. ^ McDonald, RA (2016) p. 339; Cochran-Yu (2015) p. 36; Oram, RD (2013) ch. 4; McDonald, RA (2007a) p. 73 n. 35; McDonald, RA (2007b) pp. 78, 116; Woolf (2007) p. 81; Pollock (2005) p. 27 n. 138; Duffy (2004b); Woolf (2003) p. 178; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 85; Anderson (1922) p. 457; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 84–85.
  71. ^ McDonald, RA (2007a) p. 73 n. 35; McDonald, RA (2007b) p. 117; Woolf (2007) p. 81.
  72. ^ a b c Woolf (2007) p. 81.
  73. ^ Cochran-Yu (2015) p. 36; Oram, RD (2013) ch. 4; McDonald, RA (2007b) pp. 117, 152; Woolf (2007) p. 81.
  74. ^ Cochran-Yu (2015) p. 36; Oram, RD (2013) ch. 4; Oram, RD (2011) p. 189; McDonald, RA (2007b) pp. 117 n. 68, 152; Woolf (2007) p. 81; Pollock (2005) pp. 4, 27, 27 n. 138; Raven (2005) p. 57; Woolf (2004) p. 107; Woolf (2003) p. 178; Oram, RD (2000) p. 125.
  75. ^ McDonald, RA (2007b) p. 117; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 219 § 3; MacDonald; MacDonald (1896) pp. 565–565; Paul (1882) pp. 670 § 3136, 678 § 3170; Document 3/30/1 (n.d.); Document 3/32/1 (n.d.); Document 3/32/2 (n.d.).
  76. ^ Woolf (2007) p. 82.
  77. ^ Oram, RD (2013) ch. 4.
  78. ^ Oram, RD (2013) ch. 4; McDonald, RA (2007b) p. 117; Woolf (2007) p. 81.
  79. ^ Oram, RD (2013) ch. 4; Woolf (2007) p. 81.
  80. ^ Duffy (2007) p. 10; McDonald, RA (2007b) p. 110; Murray, N (2005) p. 291; Duffy (2004c) p. 47; Oram, RD (2000) p. 117; Sellar (2000) p. 195; Murray, A (1998) p. 5; Duffy (1993) p. 77.
  81. ^ Ross (2012) p. 3; Murray, N (2005) pp. 296, 301; Power (2005) pp. 41, 43; Oram, RD (2000) pp. 131–132; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 80.
  82. ^ Murray, N (2005) p. 295; Power (2005) p. 41; Oram, RD (2000) pp. 131–132.
  83. ^ Raven (2005) pp. 56–58; Rixson (2001) p. 86.
  84. ^ Ross (2012) pp. 3–4; Raven (2005) pp. 56–58.
  85. ^ Murray, A (1998) p. 5; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 80.
  86. ^ a b c Woolf (2005).
  87. ^ Williams (2007); Sellar (2000) pp. 191, 192 tab. i, 197–198.
  88. ^ The Annals of Tigernach (2016) § 1164.6; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1164.6; Sellar (1966) p. 129.
  89. ^ The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 1164.4; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 1164.4; Woolf (2005); Barrow (1981) p. 108 n. 2; Sellar (1966) p. 129.
  90. ^ Fisher (2005) pp. 86–87; McDonald, RA (1997) p. 222; Argyll: An Inventory of the Monuments (1982) pp. 178 § 5, 276 n. 13 § 5; Steer; Bannerman; Collins (1977) p. 90; Sellar (1966) p. 129; Martin (1816) p. 263; Macdonald, J (1811) p. 705.
  91. ^ Woolf (2005); Sellar (1966) p. 129.
  92. ^ Duffy (2004a); Sellar (2000) p. 192 tab. i.
  93. ^ Duffy (2004a).

References edit

Primary sources edit

  • Anderson, AO, ed. (1908). Scottish Annals From English Chroniclers, A.D. 500 to 1286. London: David Nutt. OL 7115802M.
  • Anderson, AO, ed. (1922). Early Sources of Scottish History, A.D. 500 to 1286. Vol. 2. London: Oliver and Boyd.
  • "Annala Uladh: Annals of Ulster Otherwise Annala Senait, Annals of Senat". Corpus of Electronic Texts (28 January 2003 ed.). University College Cork. 2003. Retrieved 22 March 2017.
  • "Annala Uladh: Annals of Ulster Otherwise Annala Senait, Annals of Senat". Corpus of Electronic Texts (13 April 2005 ed.). University College Cork. 2005. Retrieved 22 March 2017.
  • "Annals of Tigernach". Corpus of Electronic Texts (13 April 2005 ed.). University College Cork. 2005. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
  • Argyll: An Inventory of the Monuments. Vol. 4. The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland. 1982. ISBN 0-11-491728-0.
  • "Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 489". Early Manuscripts at Oxford University. Oxford Digital Library. n.d. Retrieved 30 May 2016.
  • "Cotton MS Domitian A VII". British Library. n.d. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
  • "Cotton MS Julius A VII". British Library. n.d. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
  • "Document 3/30/1". People of Medieval Scotland, 1093–1371. n.d. Retrieved 1 November 2018.
  • "Document 3/30/3". People of Medieval Scotland, 1093–1371. n.d. Retrieved 1 November 2018.
  • "Document 3/32/1". People of Medieval Scotland, 1093–1371. n.d. Retrieved 1 November 2018.
  • "Document 3/32/2". People of Medieval Scotland, 1093–1371. n.d. Retrieved 1 November 2018.
  • Flateyjarbok: En Samling af Norske Konge-Sagaer med Indskudte Mindre Fortællinger om Begivenheder i og Udenfor Norse Same Annaler. Vol. 2. Oslo: P.T. Mallings Forlagsboghandel. 1862.
  • "GKS 1005 Fol". Handrit.is. n.d. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
  • Lawrie, AC, ed. (1910). Annals of the Reigns of Malcolm and William, Kings of Scotland, A.D. 1153–1214. James MacLehose and Sons. OL 7217114M.
  • MacDonald, A (1896). The Clan Donald. Vol. 1. Inverness: The Northern Counties Publishing Company.
  • Macdonald, J (1811). General View of the Agriculture of the Hebrides or Western Isles of Scotland. London: Sir Richard Phillips.
  • Martin, M (1816). A Description of the Western Islands of Scotland (2nd ed.). London: A. Bell. OL 23415283M.
  • Munch, PA; Goss, A, eds. (1874). Chronica Regvm Manniæ et Insvlarvm: The Chronicle of Man and the Sudreys. Vol. 1. Douglas, IM: Manx Society.
  • Paul, JB, ed. (1882). Registrum Magni Sigilli Regum Scotorum: The Register of the Great Seal of Scotland, A.D. 1424–1513. Edinburgh: H.M. General Register House. OL 23329160M.
  • Registrum Monasterii de Passelet, Cartas Privilegia Conventiones Aliaque Munimenta Complectens, A Domo Fundata A.D. MCLXIII Usque Ad A.D. MDXXIX. Edinburgh. 1832. OL 24829867M.
  • Steer, KA; Bannerman, JW; Collins, GH (1977). Late Medieval Monumental Sculpture in the West Highlands. Edinburgh: Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland. ISBN 0114913838.
  • Stevenson, J, ed. (1841). Liber Vitae Ecclesiae Dunelmensis. Publications of the Surtees Society. London: J.B. Nichols and Son. OL 13505351M.
  • "The Annals of Ulster". Corpus of Electronic Texts (29 August 2008 ed.). University College Cork. 2008. Retrieved 18 August 2017.
  • "The Annals of Ulster". Corpus of Electronic Texts (6 January 2017 ed.). University College Cork. 2017. Retrieved 18 August 2017.
  • "The Annals of Tigernach". Corpus of Electronic Texts (8 February 2016 ed.). University College Cork. 2016. Retrieved 16 August 2017.

Secondary sources edit

  • Addyman, T; Oram, R (2012). "Mingary Castle Ardnamurchan, Highland: Analytical and Historical Assessment for Ardnamurchan Estate". Mingary Castle Preservation and Restoration Trust. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
  • Barrow, GWS (1981). Kingship and Unity: Scotland 1000–1306. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-6448-5.
  • Barrow, GWS (2004). "Stewart Family (per. c. 1110–c. 1350)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/49411. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  • Beuermann, I (2012). The Norwegian Attack on Iona in 1209–10: The Last Viking Raid?. Iona Research Conference, April 10th to 12th 2012. pp. 1–10. Archived from the original on 14 March 2016. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
  • Birch, WDG (1895). Catalogue of Seals in the Department of Manuscripts in the British Museum. Vol. 4. London: Longmans and Co.
  • Boardman, S (2007). "The Gaelic World and the Early Stewart Court" (PDF). In Broun, D; MacGregor, M (eds.). Mìorun Mòr nan Gall, 'The Great Ill-Will of the Lowlander'? Lowland Perceptions of the Highlands, Medieval and Modern. Centre for Scottish and Celtic Studies, University of Glasgow. pp. 83–109. OCLC 540108870.
  • Broun, D (2005). "Review of S Boardman; A Ross, The Exercise of Power in Medieval Scotland, c.1200–1500". The Innes Review. 56 (1): 94–96. doi:10.3366/inr.2005.56.1.94. eISSN 1745-5219. ISSN 0020-157X.
  • Brown, M (2004). The Wars of Scotland, 1214–1371. The New Edinburgh History of Scotland. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-1238-6.
  • Caldwell, DH; Hall, MA; Wilkinson, CM (2009). "The Lewis Hoard of Gaming Pieces: A Re-examination of Their Context, Meanings, Discovery and Manufacture". Medieval Archaeology. 53 (1): 155–203. doi:10.1179/007660909X12457506806243. eISSN 1745-817X. ISSN 0076-6097. S2CID 154568763.
  • Cochran-Yu, DK (2015). A Keystone of Contention: The Earldom of Ross, 1215–1517 (PhD thesis). University of Glasgow.
  • Duffy, S (1993). Ireland and the Irish Sea Region, 1014–1318 (PhD thesis). Trinity College, Dublin. hdl:2262/77137.
  • Duffy, S (2004a). "Godred Crovan [Guðrøðr, Gofraid Méránach] (d. 1095)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/50613. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  • Duffy, S (2004b). "Ragnvald [Rögnvaldr, Reginald, Ragnall] (d. 1229)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/50617. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  • Duffy, S (2004c). "The Lords of Galloway, Earls of Carrick, and the Bissets of the Glens: Scottish Settlement in Thirteenth-Century Ulster". In Edwards, D (ed.). Regions and Rulers in Ireland, 1100–1650: Essays for Kenneth Nicholls. Dublin: Four Courts Press. pp. 37–50. ISBN 1-85182-742-0.
  • Duffy, S (2007). "The Prehistory of the Galloglass". In Duffy, S (ed.). The World of the Galloglass: Kings, Warlords and Warriors in Ireland and Scotland, 1200–1600. Dublin: Four Courts Press. pp. 1–23. ISBN 978-1-85182-946-0.
  • Duncan, AAM; Brown, AL (1956–1957). "Argyll and the Isles in the Earlier Middle Ages" (PDF). Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. 90: 192–220. eISSN 2056-743X. ISSN 0081-1564.
  • Fisher, I (2005). "The Heirs of Somerled". In Oram, RD; Stell, GP (eds.). Lordship and Architecture in Medieval and Renaissance Scotland. Edinburgh: John Donald. pp. 85–95. ISBN 978-0-85976-628-9.
  • Forte, A; Oram, RD; Pedersen, F (2005). Viking Empires. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82992-2.
  • Hewison, JK (1895). The Isle of Bute in the Olden Time. Vol. 2. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons.
  • Holton, CT (2017). Masculine Identity in Medieval Scotland: Gender, Ethnicity, and Regionality (PhD thesis). University of Guelph. hdl:10214/10473.
  • Laing, H (1850). Descriptive Catalogue of Impressions From Ancient Scottish Seals, Royal, Baronial, Ecclesiastical, and Municipal, Embracing a Period From A.D. 1094 to the Commonwealth. Edinburgh: Bannatyne Club. OL 24829707M.
  • Liber Sancte Marie de Melrose: Munimenta Vetustiora Monasterii Cisterciensis de Melros. Vol. 2. Edinburgh: Bannatyne Club. 1837. OL 24829797M.
  • Macdonald, WR (1904). Scottish Armorial Seals. Edinburgh: William Green and Sons. OL 23704765M.
  • MacEwen, ABW (2011). "The Wives of Sir James the Steward (d.1309)". Foundations. 3 (5): 391–398.
  • McDonald, A (1995). "Scoto-Norse Kings and the Reformed Religious Orders: Patterns of Monastic Patronage in Twelfth-Century Galloway and Argyll". Albion. 27 (2): 187–219. doi:10.2307/4051525. ISSN 0095-1390. JSTOR 4051525.
  • McDonald, RA (1997). The Kingdom of the Isles: Scotland's Western Seaboard, c. 1100–c. 1336. Scottish Historical Monographs. East Linton: Tuckwell Press. ISBN 978-1-898410-85-0.
  • McDonald, RA (2004). "Coming in From the Margins: The Descendants of Somerled and Cultural Accommodation in the Hebrides, 1164–1317". In Smith, B (ed.). Britain and Ireland, 900–1300: Insular Responses to Medieval European Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 179–198. ISBN 0-511-03855-0.
  • McDonald, RA (2007a). "Dealing Death From Man: Manx Sea Power in and around the Irish Sea, 1079–1265". In Duffy, S (ed.). The World of the Galloglass: Kings, Warlords and Warriors in Ireland and Scotland, 1200–1600. Dublin: Four Courts Press. pp. 45–76. ISBN 978-1-85182-946-0.
  • McDonald, RA (2007b). Manx Kingship in its Irish Sea Setting, 1187–1229: King Rǫgnvaldr and the Crovan Dynasty. Dublin: Four Courts Press. ISBN 978-1-84682-047-2.
  • McDonald, RA (2012). "The Manx Sea Kings and the Western Oceans: The Late Norse Isle of Man in its North Atlantic Context, 1079–1265". In Hudson, B (ed.). Studies in the Medieval Atlantic. The New Middle Ages. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 143–184. doi:10.1057/9781137062390_6. ISBN 978-1-137-06239-0.
  • McDonald, RA (2016). "Sea Kings, Maritime Kingdoms and the Tides of Change: Man and the Isles and Medieval European Change, AD c1100–1265". In Barrett, JH; Gibbon, SJ (eds.). Maritime Societies of the Viking and Medieval World. The Society for Medieval Archaeology Monograph. Milton Park, Abingdon: Routledge. pp. 333–349. doi:10.4324/9781315630755. ISBN 978-1-315-63075-5. ISSN 0583-9106.
  • McLeod, W (2002). "Rí Innsi Gall, Rí Fionnghall, Ceannas nan Gàidheal: Sovereignty and Rhetoric in the Late Medieval Hebrides". Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies. 43: 25–48. ISSN 1353-0089.
  • Murray, A (1998). Castle Tioram: The Historical Background. Glasgow: Cruithne Press.
  • Murray, N (2005). "Swerving From the Path of Justice". In Oram, RD (ed.). The Reign of Alexander II, 1214–49. The Northern World: North Europe and the Baltic c. 400–1700 AD. Peoples, Economics and Cultures. Leiden: Brill. pp. 285–305. ISBN 90-04-14206-1. ISSN 1569-1462.
  • Oram, R (2011) [2002]. "Introduction". In Oram, R (ed.). The Stewarts: Kings and Queens of Scotland, 1371–1625. Brimscombe Port: The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-6923-2 – via OverDrive.com.
  • Oram, RD (2000). The Lordship of Galloway. Edinburgh: John Donald. ISBN 0-85976-541-5.
  • Oram, RD (2005). "Introduction: An Overview of the Reign of Alexander II". In Oram, RD (ed.). The Reign of Alexander II, 1214–49. The Northern World: North Europe and the Baltic c. 400–1700 AD. Peoples, Economics and Cultures. Leiden: Brill. pp. 1–47. ISBN 90-04-14206-1. ISSN 1569-1462.
  • Oram, RD (2011). Domination and Lordship: Scotland 1070–1230. The New Edinburgh History of Scotland. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-1496-7.
  • Oram, RD (2013) [2012]. Alexander II, King of Scots, 1214–1249. Edinburgh: Birlinn. ISBN 978-1-907909-05-4.
  • Paul, JB, ed. (1904). The Scots Peerage: Founded on Wood's Edition of Sir Robert Douglas's Peerage of Scotland, Containing an Historical and Genealogical Account of the Nobility of that Kingdom. Vol. 1. Edinburgh: David Douglas. OL 6961214M.
  • Paul, JB, ed. (1908). The Scots Peerage: Founded on Wood's Edition of Sir Robert Douglas's Peerage of Scotland, Containing an Historical and Genealogical Account of the Nobility of that Kingdom. Vol. 5. Edinburgh: David Douglas.
  • Pollock, M (2005). "Rebels of the West, 1209–1216". Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies. 50: 1–30. ISSN 1353-0089.
  • Power, R (2005). "Meeting in Norway: Norse-Gaelic Relations in the Kingdom of Man and the Isles, 1090–1270" (PDF). Saga-Book. 29: 5–66. ISSN 0305-9219.
  • Raven, JA (2005). Medieval Landscapes and Lordship in South Uist (PhD thesis). Vol. 1. University of Glasgow.
  • Rixson, D (2001). The Small Isles: Canna, Rum, Eigg and Muck. Edinburgh: Birlinn. ISBN 1-84158-154-2. OL 3544460M.
  • Roberts, JL (1997). Lost Kingdoms: Celtic Scotland and the Middle Ages. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-0910-5. OL 411939M.
  • Ross, A (2012). Lochailort, Highland: Desk-Based Assessment and Oral Reminiscence. Report no. 1995. CFA Archaeology.
  • Sellar, WDH (1966). "The Origins and Ancestry of Somerled". Scottish Historical Review. 45 (2): 123–142. eISSN 1750-0222. ISSN 0036-9241. JSTOR 25528658.
  • Sellar, WDH (2000). "Hebridean Sea Kings: The Successors of Somerled, 1164–1316". In Cowan, EJ; McDonald, RA (eds.). Alba: Celtic Scotland in the Middle Ages. East Linton: Tuckwell Press. pp. 187–218. ISBN 1-86232-151-5.
  • Sellar, WDH (2004). "Somerled (d. 1164)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/26782. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  • Stevenson, JH (1914). Heraldry in Scotland. Vol. 1. Glasgow: James Maclehose and Sons. OL 24871335M.
  • Strickland, MJ (2012). "The Kings of Scots at War, c. 1093–1286". In Spiers, EM; Crang, JA; Strickland, MJ (eds.). A Military History of Scotland. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 94–132. ISBN 978-0-7486-3204-6.
  • Williams, G (2007). "'These People were High-Born and Thought Well of Themselves': The Family of Moddan of Dale". In Smith, BB; Taylor, S; Williams, G (eds.). West Over Sea: Studies in Scandinavian Sea-Borne Expansion and Settlement Before 1300. The Northern World: North Europe and the Baltic c. 400–1700 AD. Peoples, Economics and Cultures. Leiden: Brill. pp. 129–152. ISBN 978-90-04-15893-1. ISSN 1569-1462.
  • Woolf, A (2003). "The Diocese of the Sudreyar". In Imsen, S (ed.). Ecclesia Nidrosiensis, 1153–1537: Søkelys på Nidaroskirkens og Nidarosprovinsens Historie. Tapir Akademisk Forlag. pp. 171–181. ISBN 978-82-519-1873-2.
  • Woolf, A (2004). "The Age of Sea-Kings, 900–1300". In Omand, D (ed.). The Argyll Book. Edinburgh: Birlinn. pp. 94–109. ISBN 1-84158-253-0.
  • Woolf, A (2005). "The Origins and Ancestry of Somerled: Gofraid mac Fergusa and 'The Annals of the Four Masters'". Mediaeval Scandinavia. 15: 199–213.
  • Woolf, A (2007). "A Dead Man at Ballyshannon". In Duffy, S (ed.). The World of the Galloglass: Kings, Warlords and Warriors in Ireland and Scotland, 1200–1600. Dublin: Four Courts Press. pp. 77–85. ISBN 978-1-85182-946-0.

By using this platform, you agree to the Terms of Use ©2020 Knowpia