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Architecture of Taiwan

Summary

The architecture of Taiwan can be traced back to stilt housing of the aborigines in prehistoric times; to the building of fortresses and churches in the north and south used to colonize and convert the inhabitants during the Dutch and Spanish period; the Tungning period when Taiwan was a base of anti-Qing sentiment and Minnan-style architecture was introduced; in Qing dynasty period, a mix of Chinese and Western architecture appeared and artillery battery flourished during Qing's Self-Strengthening Movement; During the Japanese rule of Taiwan, the Minnan, Japanese and Western culture were main influencers in architectural designs and saw the introduction and use of reinforced concrete. Due to excessive Westernization as a colony, after the retrocession of Taiwan to the Republic of China in 1945 from Japan at the end of World War II, Chinese classical style became popular and entered into international mainstream as a postmodern design style. Today, Taiwanese architecture has undergone much diversification, every style of architecture can be seen.[1]

Prehistory (−1621) edit

The architecture of prehistoric Taiwan saw structures ranging from cave dwellings, stilt housing, to stone masonry. Primarily of Austronesian architecture.[2]

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    An observational painting of a stilt house of one of the plains indigenous peoples as depicted in Liu Shi Qi’s Taiwan Panorama Prints (六十七兩采風圖合卷).
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    A stilt house of the Truku people
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    Modern and traditional houses coexisting in present-day Tao settlement on Orchid Island

Cave dwelling edit

Prehistoric man made use of caves for their dwellings, and Taiwan's oldest known civilization is the Changbin culture (長濱文化) dating back to over 50,000 years. An example of an archaeological site of a cave dwelling is the Bashian Caves in Changbin Township, Taitung County which is dated from between 5,500 and 30,000 years. The actual cave itself has a height of around ten meters and can accommodate some ten persons.

Stilt housing edit

Spread over the vast prehistoric Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean areas, stilt houses vary greatly. In more recent times, Taiwanese aborigines make use of them for holding church meetings, as places to cool down and to hold ancestral activities. Apart from their cooling effect, stilt houses also have various functions such as avoiding miasma, dampness, flood, and insects and snakes from entering, it is also easier to construct.

Stone-slab housing edit

The Paiwan and Bunun peoples made houses using thatched roofing and made walls from stones. Homes of nobles were decorated with elaborate wood carvings. The special characteristics of such houses is that dark colored building materials help conceal the buildings in its environment and the layered use of rocks mimic the scales of the hundred pacer snake that they worship.[3]

Aboriginal architecture edit

Chinese and aborigines made use of natural materials such as straw, wood, bamboo, grass, stone, and soil as basic construction materials. The types and styles of building vary depending on the environment, climate, and cultural influences of each ethnic group. For example, the Amis tend to live in larger communities and planned the layout of their community such as placement of communal homes and a plaza for matters of governance inside, planting a bamboo forest around the outside with camps and guard stations to defend against foreign aggressors.[4] The Atayal and Saisiyat peoples made their homes out of wood and bamboo, while the Tao people who lived further away on Orchid Island and faced strong changes in seasonal weather such as typhoons, developed houses that made use of digging vertically into the ground to strengthen their foundations.[5]

Dutch and Spanish settlement (1624–1662) edit

The 16th century was a time of Western naval navigation, exploration and trade and also the shifting of power from the Ming dynasty to the Qing dynasty. Most of the architecture in Taiwan from this period were dominated by fortresses, primarily the Dutch Fengguiwei Fort, Fort Zeelandia, Fort Provintia in the south and the Spanish Fort San Salvador (聖薩爾瓦多城), Fort San Domingo to the north. The Dutch used red bricks in construction while the Spanish used stone. Both sides made use of ports and constructed fortresses to consolidate their power on the island. The fortresses were square shaped with an additional side for the installment of artillery. This period saw Taiwan architecture enter the peak of Western colonization. Such structures from this period represent the first generation of architectural works and is now listed as a world heritage by the Republic of China government.[6]

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    Taioan Street (大員市街) was built by the Dutch and is now the present day Yanping Street (延平街) in Anping District, Tainan City.
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    Fort Zeelandia was built by the Dutch in 1624 and is now known as Anping Fort (安平古堡).
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    Remains of Fort Zeelandia in 1871
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    Remains of Fort Zeelandia in 1871
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    Fort Provintia was a bastion structure, the remains of which are now known as Chihkan Tower (赤崁樓).
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    Fort San Domingo was built by the Spanish in 1628 and after their defeat was rebuilt by the Dutch. It is known as Âng-mn̂g-siâⁿ (紅毛城, Red-haired Fort) after the Dutch people.
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    Model of Fort San Salvador in Keelung City
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    Archaeological excavation pit of Todos los Santos (諸聖堂) near Fort San Salvador

Kingdom of Tungning (1662–1682) edit

Qing dynasty (1683–1896) edit

Minnan-style architecture
Hakka Architecture
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    Liudui Martyr's Shrine (六堆忠義祠), Pingtung County
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    Shoushanyan Guanyin Temple (壽山巖觀音寺), Taoyuan City
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    Beipu Tianshui Temple (北埔天水堂), Hsinchu County
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    Lee Teng-fan's Ancient Residence, Taoyuan City
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    Fanjiang Ancestral Hall (新屋范姜祖堂), Taoyuan City
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    Beipu Citian Temple, Hsinchu County
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    Meinong East Gate Tower, Kaohsiung City, rebuilt in 1937.
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    West Fence Gate(西柵門) of Jiadong (佳冬), Pingtung County
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    Old House of Siiao Family(蕭家祖屋), Pingtung County

Fuzhou-style (Mindong) Architecture

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    Koxinga Shrine (延平郡王祠), Tainan City
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    Koxinga Shrine (延平郡王祠), Tainan City
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    Great Flower Hall (大花廳) in Wufeng Lin Family Mansion and Garden, Taichung City

Teochew-style architecture

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    Xinzhuang Ciyou Palace (新莊慈祐宮,Taiwanese: Sin-chng Chû-iū-kiong), New Taipei City
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    Three Mountain Kings Temple (三山國王廟), Tainan City
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    Liudui Tianhou Temple (六堆天后宮, Hakka:Liuk-tôi Thiên-heu-kiûng), Pingtung County
Lingnan-style architecture
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    Liangguanghui Hall (兩廣會館), Tainan City
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    Liangguanghui Hall (兩廣會館), Tainan City
Western-style architecture

Fort

Period of Japanese rule (1896–1945) edit

Western-style Architecture

Exotic Revival Style[7]

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    Kenko Shrine (建功神社), Taipei City (1928), designed by Ide Kaoru
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    Former THK Taipei Broadcasting Station (台北放送局演奏所), Taipei City (1931)
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    Chengnei Branch of Taiwan Cooperative Bank (合作金庫銀行城內分行), Taipei City (1933), designed by Ide Kaoru
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    Former Taipei Branch of Nippon Kangyo Bank (日本勸業銀行臺北支店), Taipei City (1933)
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    Former Tainan Branch of Nippon Kangyo Bank (日本勸業銀行臺南支店), Tainan City (1937)
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    Chang Hwa Bank Headquarters and Museum, Taichung City (1937)

Early Modern Architecture[8]

Traditional Taiwanese and Taiwanese-Western Eclectic Architecture
Japanese-style and Japanese-Western Eclectic Architecture
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    Linji Huguo Chan Temple, Taipei City (1911)
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    Former Kagi Shrine administration building, Chiayi City (1915)
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    Beitou Puji Temple(北投普濟寺), Taipei City (1915)
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    The Drop of Water Memorial Hall, New Taipei City (1915), this building was dismantled in Japan and rebuilt in Taiwan.
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    Ji'an Shrine(吉安慶修院), Hualien County (1917)
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    Beitou Museum, Taipei City (1921)
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    Former Takao Butokuden of Takao Prefecture, Kaohsiung City (1924)
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    Former Monopoly Bureau Branch Office (臺灣總督府專賣局臺南支局鹽埕分室), Tainan City (1924)
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    Kishu An Forest of Literature (紀州庵文學森林), Taipei City (1927–1928)
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    Former Tainan Butokuden of Tainan Prefecture, Tainan City (1936)
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    Haiden of Touen Shrine, Taoyuan City (1938)
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    Taichung Martial Arts Hall (臺中刑務所演武場), Taichung City (1937)
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    Shoyoen (逍遙園), Kaohsiung City(1940)
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    Lintianshan Forestry Culture Park, Hualien County
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    Xi Shan Shinto Shrine(西山祠), Chiayi County
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    Chulin Station (竹林車站) in Luodong Forestry Culture Park, Yilan County, rebuilt in 2008

Asian Renaissance Style(興亞式)[9] and Imperial Crown Style

Republic of China (1946–present) edit

Chinese Cultural Renaissance
Newly built traditional Taiwanese architecture
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    Wan He Temple, Taichung City (1684)
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    Changfu Temple, New Taipei City, rebuilt in 1947.
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    Yancheng Sanshan Guowang Temple (鹽埕三山國王廟), Kaohsiung City (1949)
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    Gushan Daitian Temple, Kaohsiung City (1949–1951)
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    Wuqi Zhenwu Temple, Taichung City (1849), restored in 1953
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    Lingxiao Chapel (凌霄寶殿) of Zhinan Temple (指南宮), Taipei City (1963)
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    Xingtian Temple, Taipei City (1968)
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    Sanfong Temple (三鳳宮), Kaohsiung City (1971)
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    Taichung Folklore Park, Taichung City (1990)
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    Taiwan Lai Family Ancestral Hall (台灣賴氏大宗祠), Taichung City (2006)
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    Wu Chang Temple (武昌宮), Nantou County (1903, rebuilt 2010)
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    Lingxiao Main Hall (凌霄寶殿) of Nankunshen Daitian Temple (南鯤鯓代天府), Tainan City (2012)
Modern Architecture

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "{{in lang|zh}} History of Taiwanese architecture". Archived from the original on 2016-10-04. Retrieved 2017-04-25.
  2. ^ "Pre-historic Taiwanese architecture, National Chiayi University – Dead link" (PDF) (in Chinese). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-09. Retrieved 2017-04-25.
  3. ^ (in Chinese) Kungdavane – Dead link
  4. ^ "Building structures of the Amis tribe, Digital Museum of Taiwan Indigenous Peoples" (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2017-04-25. Retrieved 2017-04-25.
  5. ^ "Housing layout of the Yami (Tao) tribe, Digital Museum of Taiwan Indigenous Peoples" (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2017-04-25. Retrieved 2017-04-25.
  6. ^ "Origins of Tamsui's Fort Zeelandia" (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2012-08-04. Retrieved 2017-04-25.
  7. ^ 傅, 朝卿 (2017). 台灣建築的式樣脈絡. 五南. p. 42. ISBN 9789571191904.
  8. ^ 傅朝卿. "日治時期現代風情建築" (PDF). 傅朝卿教授建築與文化資產資訊網. Retrieved 2020-08-04.
  9. ^ "國家攝影文化中心台北館 導覽手冊" (PDF). 2021-03-18. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-07-09. Retrieved 2021-07-03.

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