The Army of the Rhine (French: Armée du Rhin) was a French military unit that fought in the Franco-Prussian War. It was created after the declaration of war on July 18 1870.
The unit participated in combats in Lorraine, then divided to form a second army, the Army of Châlons.
The Army of the Rhine surrendered on 27 October at the Siege of Metz.
Creation of the unitedit
The Army of the Rhine was the first French Army constituted after the declaration of war, formed from the available troops during peacetime. Initially commanded by the Emperor Napoleon III, the Army included the Imperial Guard (French: La Garde Impériale), 7 Army Corps and a general reserve. Each Army Corps was constituted of 3 or 4 infantry division and 1 cavalry division made up of 2 or 3 brigades each, one artillery reserve and one engineer reserve. Each brigade counted 2 or 3 line infantry or line cavalry regiments.
The infantry divisions included an artillery component with 2 batteries de canons de 4 and 1 de mitrailleuse, while the cavalry divisions constituted 2 batteries horse mounted.
The Imperial Guard of the Second Empire (French: Garde Impériale du Second Empire), with commander, général Bourbaki, garrisoned in Paris in times of peace. The Imperial Guard reached Metz on July 28 and the Guard reserves on the 30.
The 5th Army Corps (French: 5e Corps d'Armée), formed with the Army of Lyon, commanded by general de Failly. This Army Corps assembled in the regions of Bitche and Haguenau.
The 7th Army Corps (French: 7e Corps d'Armée) had difficulty assembling due to its units being widely dispersed. Troops of the Army Corps hailed from the south-east, Clermont-Ferrand, Perpignan, Civitavecchia and had to make their way to Colmar and Belfort. This Army Corps was commanded by général Douay.
The general Cavalry Reserve was supposed to be formed initially of 3 divisions with 2 brigades each. However, only 2 divisions were available as the 1st Division was employed to reinforce the Army of Châlons as the cavalry of the 6th Corps.
The general Artillery Reserve, commanded by général Canu, formed at Nancy and made its way to Metz.
The general Engineer Reserve was commanded by colonel Rémond.
On August 1, 1870, the Army of the Rhine was constituted of seven Army Corps and of artillery and reserve cavalry. Lieutenant-colonel Rousset tendered an estimative decomposition by grand units:[3]
Carabiniers Regiment of the Imperial Guard (French: Régiment de Carabiniers de la Garde Impériale) (colonel Petit)
2 Artillery Batteries de 4 horse mounted
Reserve Artillery (colonel Clappier)
4 Artillery Batteries de 4 horse mounted
1 Train equipped Squadron
Parc Artillery (colonel Elie Jean de Vassoigne)
Total artillery
24 Battalions, 24 Squadrons, 72 pieces out of which 12 mitrailleuses, 2 Engineer Companies, 1 Train Squadron
1st Army Corpsedit
The 1st Army Corps (French: 1er Corps d'Armée) was commanded by Patrice de MacMahon, Duke of Magenta, with chef d'état-major général Colson. général Ducrot, former commander of the 1st Division, succeeded Marshal Mac Mahon who recently assumed command of the Army of Châlons. général Joly Frigola commanded the artillery.
1st Infantry Division
The 1st Infantry Division of the 1st Army Corps was under the orders of général Ducrot
1st Brigade of général Wolff
18th Infantry Regiment (French: 18e Régiment d'Infanterie de Ligne) (colonel Bréger)
96th Infantry Regiment (French: 96e Régiment d'Infanterie de Ligne) (colonel de Franchessin)
13e Bataillon de Chasseurs à Pied (French: 13e Bataillon de Chasseurs à Pied) (commandant de Bonneville)
2nd Brigade of général Postis du Houlbec
45th Line Infantry Regiment (French: 45e Régiment d'Infanterie de Ligne) (colonel Bertrand)
1st Zouaves Regiment (French: 1er Régiment de Zouaves) (colonel Carteret-Trecourt)
3 Artillery Batteries (2 batteries de 4 and 1 de mitrailleuses) and 1 Engineer Company
2nd Infantry Division
The 2nd Infantry Division of the 1st Army Corps was under the orders of général Douay
5th Cuirassiers Regiment (French: 5e régiments de cuirassiers) (colonel Dubessey de Contenson)
6th Cuirassiers Regiment (French: 6e régiments de cuirassiers) (colonel Martin)
Cavalry Division
The Cavalry Division attached to the 6th Army Corps since August 18 in replacement of the division of Salignac-Fénelon, was commanded by général du Barail
1st Brigade of général de Lajaille
2nd African Chasseurs Regiment (French: 2e Régiment de Chasseurs d'Afrique) (colonel de la Martinière)
2nd Chasseurs Regiment of France (French: 2e Régiment de Chasseurs de France) (colonel Pelletier)
2nd Brigade of général de Bruchard
3e Régiment de Chasseurs à Cheval (French: 3e Régiment de Chasseurs à Cheval) (colonel de Sansal)
10e Régiment de Chasseurs à Cheval (French: 10e Régiment de Chasseurs à Cheval) (colonel Nérin)
Reserve Artillery
Artillery reserve under the orders of général Bertrand[11]
2 Artillery Batteries de 12
4 Artillery Batteries de 4 montées
2 Artillery Batteries de 4 horse mounted
Parc d'artillerie, réserve et parc du génie
7th Army Corpsedit
The 7th Army Corps (French: 7e Corps d'Armée) was commanded by général Douay, with chef d'état-major général Renson.
1st Infantry Division
The 1st Infantry Division of the 7th Army Corps was under the orders of général Conseil-Dumesnil.
1st Brigade of général Nicolaï
3rd Infantry Regiment (French: 3e Régiment d'Infanterie de Ligne) (colonel Champion)
^In Histoire générale de la guerre franco allemande - 1870–1871, Tome 1 pages 116–124.
^Les dates communiquées dans cette colonne sont les dates correspondant au relevés théoriques d'effectifs. Ces valeurs sont en effet théoriques car l'ensemble des unités n'étaient, à ces dates, pas toutes réunies autour de leur corps d'affectation.
^In Histoire générale de la guerre franco allemande - 1870–1871, Tome 1, pages 395–405.
^Marie Justin Lin Soleille or simply Justin Soleille
^général Etienne Hugues Rose was not able to join due to health challenges
^the 14th, 20th, and 31st Line Infantry Regiments did not join and were integrated in the 12th Army Corps. The Division was accordingly reduced to the 9th line Infantry Regiment.
^Promoted général on September 26, colonel Gibon replaced général de Marguenat and was killed at Ladonchamps on October 7.
^This division did not join the Army Corps and was replaced, on August 18, by the Division of général du Barail.
^The artillery reserves and engineers of the 6th Corps were not able to join. The artillery reserve was reconstituted from the general reserves of the army.
^Colonel Morand was promoted to général August 25 and replaced général Nicolaï, prisoner. He was killed at Beaumont on August 30.
^Colonel de Gramont was promoted to général and replaced général Maire, killed during the battle of Frœschwiller.
^79th Infantry Regiment did not join initially and was replaced with the 72nd Infantry Regiment. Finally, the regiment was assigned to the 12th Army Corps.
^The 2nd Brigade of the Cavalry Division of the 7th Army Corps did not join.
^The 1st Cavalry Division (reserve) was dislocated before the blockade of Metz. The Margueritte Brigade was assigned to the Army of Châlons. Brigade Lajaille was assigned to the 6th Army Corps to constitute the respective Division Cavalry.
Sources and bibliographyedit
Lieutenant-colonel Rousset, Histoire générale de la guerre franco allemande - 1870–1871, éditions Montgredien et Cie, 1900.
Paul et Victor Margueritte, Histoire de la guerre de 1870–71, Éditions G. Chamerot, 1903.
Général Niox, La guerre de 1870 - Simple récit, Librairie Ch. Delagrave, 1898.
Annuaire militaire de l'empire français 1870
Ferdinand Lecomte : Relation historique et critique de la guerre franco-allemande en 1870–1871