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Axiom (computer algebra system)

## Summary

Developer(s) Independent group of people Continuous using Docker github.com/daly/axiom PostScript Cross-platform Computer algebra system Modified BSD License www.axiom-developer.org

Axiom is a free, general-purpose computer algebra system. It consists of an interpreter environment, a compiler and a library, which defines a strongly typed hierarchy.

## History

Two computer algebra systems named Scratchpad were developed by IBM. The first one was started in 1965 by James Griesmer [1] at the request of Ralph Gomory, and written in Fortran.[1] The development of this software was stopped before any public release. The second Scratchpad, originally named Scratchpad II, was developed from 1977 on, at Thomas J. Watson Research Center, under the direction of Richard Dimick Jenks.[2]

The design is principally due to Richard D. Jenks (IBM Research), James H. Davenport (University of Bath), Barry M. Trager (IBM Research), David Y.Y. Yun (Southern Methodist University) and Victor S. Miller (IBM Research). Early consultants on the project were David Barton (University of California, Berkeley) and James W. Thatcher (IBM Research). Implementation included Robert Sutor (IBM Research), Scott C. Morrison (University of California, Berkeley), Christine J. Sundaresan (IBM Research), Timothy Daly (IBM Research), Patrizia Gianni (University of Pisa), Albrecht Fortenbacher (Universitaet Karlsruhe), Stephen M. Watt (IBM Research and University of Waterloo), Josh Cohen (Yale University), Michael Rothstein (Kent State University), Manuel Bronstein (IBM Research), Michael Monagan (Simon Fraser University), Jonathon Steinbach (IBM Research), William Burge (IBM Research), Jim Wen (IBM Research), William Sit (City College of New York), and Clifton Williamson (IBM Research)[3]

Scratchpad II was renamed Axiom when IBM decided, circa 1990, to make it a commercial product. A few years later, it was sold to NAG. In 2001, it was withdrawn from the market and re-released under the Modified BSD License. Since then, the project's lead developer has been Tim Daly.

In 2007, Axiom was forked twice, originating two different open-source projects: OpenAxiom[4] and FriCAS,[5] following "serious disagreement about project goals".[6] The Axiom project continued to be developed by Tim Daly.

The current research direction is "Proving Axiom Sane", that is, logical, rational, judicious, and sound.

## Documentation

Axiom is a literate program.[7] The source code is becoming available in a set of volumes which are available on the axiom-developer.org website. These volumes contain the actual source code of the system.

The currently available documents are:

• Volume 0: Axiom Jenks and Sutor—The main textbook
• Volume 1: Axiom Tutorial—A simple introduction
• Volume 2: Axiom Users Guide—Detailed examples of domain use (incomplete)
• Volume 3: Axiom Programmers Guide—Guided examples of program writing (incomplete)
• Volume 4: Axiom Developers Guide—Short essays on developer-specific topics (incomplete)
• Volume 5: Axiom Interpreter—Source code for Axiom interpreter (incomplete)
• Volume 6: Axiom Command—Source code for system commands and scripts (incomplete)
• Volume 7: Axiom Hyperdoc—Source code and explanation of X11 Hyperdoc help browser
• Volume 7.1 Axiom Hyperdoc Pages—Source code for Hyperdoc pages
• Volume 8: Axiom Graphics—Source code for X11 Graphics subsystem
• Volume 8.1 Axiom Gallery—A Gallery of Axiom images
• Volume 9: Axiom Compiler—Source code for Spad compiler (incomplete)
• Volume 10: Axiom Algebra Implementation—Essays on implementation issues (incomplete)
• Volume 10.1: Axiom Algebra Theory—Essays containing background theory
• Volume 10.2: Axiom Algebra Categories—Source code for Axiom categories
• Volume 10.3: Axiom Algebra Domains—Source code for Axiom domains
• Volume 10.4: Axiom Algebra Packages—Source code for Axiom packages
• Volume 10.5: Axiom Algebra Numerics—Source code for Axiom numerics
• Volume 11: Axiom Browser—Source pages for Axiom Firefox browser front end
• Volume 12: Axiom Crystal—Source code for Axiom Crystal front end (incomplete)
• Volume 13: Proving Axiom Correct—Prove Axiom Algebra (incomplete)
• Volume 15: The Axiom SANE Compiler
• Bibliography: Axiom Bibliography—Literature references
• Bug List: Axiom Bug List-Bug List
• Reference Card: Axiom Reference Card—Useful function summary

## Videos

The Axiom project has a major focus on providing documentation. Recently the project announced the first in a series of instructional videos, which are also available on the axiom-developer.org[8] website. The first video[9] provides details on the Axiom information sources.[9]

## Philosophy

The Axiom project focuses on the “30 Year Horizon”. The primary philosophy is that Axiom needs to develop several fundamental features in order to be useful to the next generation of computational mathematicians. Knuth's literate programming technique is used throughout the source code. Axiom plans to use proof technology to prove the correctness of the algorithms (such as Coq and ACL2).

Axiom uses Docker Containers as part of a continuous release process. The latest image is available on any platform using docker and the commands:

docker pull daly/axiom

docker run -i -t daly/axiom axiom


## Design

In Axiom, each object has a type. Examples of types are mathematical structures (such as rings, fields, polynomials) as well as data structures from computer science (e.g., lists, trees, hash tables).

A function can take a type as argument, and its return value can also be a type. For example, Fraction is a function, that takes an IntegralDomain as argument, and returns the field of fractions of its argument. As another example, the ring of ${\displaystyle 4\times 4}$ matrices with rational entries would be constructed as SquareMatrix(4, Fraction Integer). Of course, when working in this domain, 1 is interpreted as the identity matrix and A^-1 would give the inverse of the matrix A, if it exists.

Several operations can have the same name, and the types of both the arguments and the result are used to determine which operation is applied (cf. function overloading).

Axiom comes with an extension language called SPAD. All the mathematical knowledge of Axiom is written in this language. The interpreter accepts roughly the same language.

## Features

Within the interpreter environment, Axiom uses type inference and a heuristic algorithm to make explicit type annotations mostly unnecessary.

It features 'HyperDoc', an interactive browser-like help system, and can display two and three dimensional graphics, also providing interactive features like rotation and lighting. It also has a specialized interaction mode for Emacs, as well as a plugin for the TeXmacs editor.

Axiom has an implementation of the Risch algorithm for elementary integration, which was done by Manuel Bronstein and Barry Trager.

## References

1. ^ Axiom Homepage
2. ^ Richard Dimick Jenks - Biographical Information
3. ^ Eurocal '85. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. 204. Springer. 1985. doi:10.1007/3-540-15984-3. ISBN 978-3-540-15984-1. S2CID 5374674.
4. ^ open-axiom.org
5. ^ FriCAS Homepage
6. ^ History of FriCAS
7. ^ Why Literate Programming? at axiom-developer.org website
8. ^ Axiom-developer.org
9. ^ a b "Axiom Computer Algebra System Information Sources". YouTube. November 30, 2008.

• James H. Griesmer; Richard D. Jenks (1971). "SCRATCHPAD/1: An interactive facility for symbolic mathematics". Proceedings of the second ACM symposium on Symbolic and algebraic manipulation (SYMSAC '71). pp. 42–58.
• Richard D. Jenks (1971). META/PLUS - The Syntax Extension Facility for SCRATCHPAD (Research report). IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center. RC 3259.
• James H. Griesmer; Richard D. Jenks (1972). "Experience with an online symbolic mathematics system". Proceedings of the ONLINE72 Conference. 1. Brunel University. pp. 457–476.
• James H. Griesmer; Richard D. Jenks (1972). "Scratchpad". ACM SIGPLAN Notices. 7 (10): 93–102. doi:10.1145/942576.807019.
• Richard D. Jenks (1974). "The SCRATCHPAD language". ACM SIGSAM Bulletin. 8 (2): 20–30. doi:10.1145/1086830.1086834. S2CID 14537956.
• Arthur C. Norman (1975). "Computing with Formal Power Series". ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software. 1 (4): 346–356. doi:10.1145/355656.355660. ISSN 0098-3500. S2CID 18321863.
• Richard D. Jenks (1976). "A pattern compiler". Proceedings of the third ACM symposium on Symbolic and algebraic manipulation (SYMSAC '76). pp. 60–65.
• E. Lueken (1977). Ueberlegungen zur Implementierung eines Formelmanipulationssystems (Masters thesis) (in German). Germany: Technischen Universitat Carolo-Wilhelmina zu Braunschweig.
• George E. Andrews (1984). "Ramanujan and SCRATCHPAD". Proceedings of the 1984 MACSYMA Users' Conference. Schenectady: General Electric. pp. 383–408.
• James H. Davenport; P. Gianni; Richard D. Jenks; V. Miller; Scott Morrison; M. Rothstein; C. Sundaresan; Robert S. Sutor; Barry Trager (1984). "Scratchpad". Mathematical Sciences Department, IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
• Richard D. Jenks (1984). "The New SCRATCHPAD Language and System for Computer Algebra". Proceedings of the 1984 MACSYMA Users' Conference: 409–416.
• Richard D. Jenks (1984). "A primer: 11 keys to New Scratchpad". Proceedings of EUROSAM '84. Springer. pp. 123–147.
• Robert S. Sutor (1985). "The Scratchpad II Computer Algebra Language and System". Proceedings of EUROCAL '85. Springer. pp. 32–33.
• Rüdiger Gebauer; H. Michael Möller (1986). "Buchberger's algorithm and staggered linear bases". Proceedings of the fifth ACM symposium on Symbolic and algebraic computation (SYMSAC '86). ACM. pp. 218–221. ISBN 978-0-89791-199-3.
• Richard D. Jenks; Robert S. Sutor; Stephen M. Watt (1986). Scratchpad II: an abstract datatype system for mathematical computation (Research report). IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center. RC 12327.
• Michael Lucks; Bruce W. Char (1986). "A fast implementation of polynomial factorization". Proceedings of SYMSAC '86. ACM. pp. 228–232. ISBN 978-0-89791-199-3.
• J. Purtilo (1986). "Applications of a software interconnection system in mathematical problem solving environments". Proceedings of SYMSAC '86. ACM. pp. 16–23. ISBN 978-0-89791-199-3.
• William H. Burge; Stephen M. Watt (1987). Infinite Structure in SCRATCHPAD II (Research report). IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center. RC 12794.
• Pascale Sénéchaud; Françoise Siebert; Gilles Villard (1987). Scratchpad II: Présentation d'un nouveau langage de calcul formel. TIM (Research report) (in French). IMAG, Grenoble Institute of Technology. 640-M.
• Robert S. Sutor; Richard D. Jenks (1987). "The type inference and coercion facilities in the scratchpad II interpreter". Papers of the Symposium on Interpreters and interpretive techniques - SIGPLAN '87. pp. 56–63. doi:10.1145/29650.29656. ISBN 978-0-89791-235-8. S2CID 17700911.
• George E. Andrews (1988). "Application of SCRATCHPAD to problems in special functions and combinatorics". In R. Janssen (ed.). Trends in Computer Algebra. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer. pp. 159–166.
• James H. Davenport; Yvon Siret; Evelyne Tournier (1993) [1988]. Computer Algebra: Systems and Algorithms for Algebraic Computation. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0122042300.
• Rüdiger Gebauer; H. Michael Möller (1988). "On an installation of Buchberger's algorithm". Journal of Symbolic Computation. 6 (2–3): 275–286. doi:10.1016/s0747-7171(88)80048-8. ISSN 0747-7171.
• Fritz Schwarz (1988). "Programming with abstract data types: the symmetry package (SPDE) in Scratchpad". In R. Janssen (ed.). Trends in Computer Algebra. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer. pp. 167–176.
• David Shannon; Moss Sweedler (1988). "Using Gröbner bases to determine algebra membership, split surjective algebra homomorphisms determine birational equivalence". Journal of Symbolic Computation. 6 (2–3): 267–273. doi:10.1016/s0747-7171(88)80047-6.
• Hans-J. Boehm (1989). "Type inference in the presence of type abstraction". ACM SIGPLAN Notices. 24 (7): 192–206. doi:10.1145/74818.74835.
• Manuel Bronstein (1989). "Simplification of real elementary functions". Proceedings of the International Symposium on Symbolic and Algebraic Computation (SIGSAM '89). ACM. pp. 207–211.
• Claire Dicrescenzo; Dominique Duval (1989). "Algebraic extensions and algebraic closure in Scratchpad II". In P. Gianni (ed.). Symbolic and Algebraic Computation. Springer. pp. 440–446.
• Timothy Daly "Axiom -- Thirty Years of Lisp"
• Timothy Daly "Axiom" Invited Talk, Free Software Conference, Lyon, France, May, 2002
• Timothy Daly "Axiom" Invited Talk, Libre Software Meeting, Metz, France, July 9–12, 2003