B. Hick and Sons, subsequently Hick, Hargreaves & Co, was a British engineering company based at the Soho Ironworks in Bolton, England.[5]Benjamin Hick, a partner in Rothwell, Hick and Rothwell, later Rothwell, Hick & Co., set up the company in partnership with two of his sons, John (1815–1894) and Benjamin Jr (1818–1845) in 1833.[6][7]
The company's first steam locomotiveSoho, named after the works was a 0-4-2 goods type, built in 1833[8] for carrierJohn Hargreaves. In 1834 an unconventional, gear-driven four-wheeled rail carriage was conceived[9] for Bolton solicitor and banker, Thomas Lever Rushton (1810–1883).[10][11] The engine was the first 3-cylinder locomotive and its design incorporated aerodynamic turned iron wheel rims with plate discs as an alternative to conventional spokes.[12][13] The 3-cylinder concept evolved into Hick's experimental horizontal boiler A 2-2-2 locomotive about 1840, adopting the principle features of the vertical boiler engine.[1][14] The A 2-2-2 design appears not to have been put into production.[15]
Examples using wood paneling as streamlining are applied to the 16 ft flywheel and rope races of a Hick Hargreaves and Co. 120hp non-condensing Corliss engine, Caroline installed new at Gurteen's textile manufactorary, Haverhill, Suffolk in 1879.[28][29][30]
Hick Hargreaves collection of early locomotive and steam engine drawings[25] represents one of the finest of its kind in the world. The majority were produced by Benjamin Hick senior and John Hick between 1833-1855, they are of significant interest for their technical detail, fine draughtsmanship and artistic merit.[1] The elaborate finish and harmonious colouring extends from the largest drawings for prospective customers to ordinary working drawings and records for the engineer.
Works like this influenced the contemporary illustrators of popular science and technology of the time like John Emslie (1813-1875), their aesthetic quality stems from a romantic outlook in which science and poetry were partners.[32]
After the death of Benjamin Hick in 1842, the firm continued as Benjamin Hick & Son under the management of his eldest son, John Hick; his second son, Benjamin Jr left the company after a year of its founding[10] for partnership in a Liverpool company about 1834,[25][8] possibly George Forrester & Co.[34] In 1840 he filed a patent governor[35] for B. Hick and Son using an Egyptian wingedmotif, that featured on the front page of Mechanics' Magazine.[36] Hick's third and youngest son William (1820–1844) served as an apprenticemillwright, engineer in the company from 1834 and a 'fitter' from 1837, he was listed as an iron founder in 1843 with his eldest brother John, but died the next year.[37][38][39]
In 1845 John Hick took his brother-in-law John Hargreaves Jr (1800–1874)[40] into partnership followed by the younger brother William Hargreaves (1821–1889)[40] in 1847.[41][42] John Hargreaves Jr left the firm in April 1850[41][43] before buying Silwood Park in Berkshire.[44]
Locomotive building continued until 1855,[8] and in all some ninety to a hundred locomotives were produced;[10] but they were a sideline for the company, which concentrated on marine and stationary engines, of which they made a large number.[42]
The company made blowing engines for furnaces and smelters, boilers, weighing machines, water wheels and mill machinery.[2][26] It supplied machinery "on a new and perfectly unique" concept together with iron pillars, roofing and fittings for the steam-driven pulp and paper mill at Woolwich Arsenal in 1856. The mill made cartridge bags at the rate of about 20,000 per hour, sufficient to supply the entire British army and navy. The intention was to manufacture paper for various departments of Her Majesty's service.[66]
The company introduced the highly efficient Corlissvalve gear into the United Kingdom from the United States in about 1864 and was closely identified with it thereafter;[2] William Inglis being responsible for promoting the high speed Corliss engine.[10] About 1881 Hick, Hargreaves received orders for two Corliss engines of 3000 hp, the largest cotton mill engines in the world.[68] Hargreaves and Inglis trip gear was first applied to a large single cylinder 1800 hp Corliss engine at Eagley Mills near Bolton and the company received a Gold Medal for its products at the 1885 International Inventions Exhibition.[69] An 1886 Hick, Hargreaves and Co. inverted, vertical single cylinder Corliss engine with Spencer Inglis valve gear, used to run Ford Ayrton and Co.'s spinning mill, Bentham until 1966 is preserved under glass at Bolton Town Centre.[70][71]
Mill gearing was a speciality including large flywheels for rope drives, one example of 128 tons being 32 ft in diameter and groved for 56 ropes. Turbines and hydraulic machinery were also manufactured. Many of the tools were to suit the specialist work, with travelling cranes to take 15 to 40 tons in weight, a large lathe, side planer, slotting machine, pit planer and a tool for turning four 32 ft rope flywheels simultaneously. The workshops also featured an 80ton hydraulic riveting machine.[2] For the ease of shipping and transportation, Soho Iron Works had its own railway system,[72] traversed by sidings of the London North Western Railway (LNWR).[2][26] Inglis, who lived in Bolton was a neighbour of LNWR's chief mechanical engineer, Francis Webb.[10]
The company was renamed Hick, Hargreaves and Company in 1867;[73] John Hick retired from the business in 1868 when he became a member of parliament (MP),[8][74][26] leaving William Hargreaves as the sole proprietor. On the death of John Hick's nephew Benjamin Hick in 1882, a "much respected member of the firm",[75] active involvement of the Hick family ceased.[76] William Hargreaves died in 1889 and, under the directorship of his three sons, John Henry, Frances and Percy, the business became a private limited company in 1892.[53][74]
In 1893 the founder's great grandson, also Benjamin Hick[77] started an apprenticeship,[78] followed by his younger brother Geoffrey[79][80] about 1900.
In 1908 the company was licensed to build uniflow engines. From 1911 the company began the manufacture of large diesel engines, however these did not prove successful and were eventually discontinued. Boiler production finished in 1912. During World War I the company was involved in war work,[55] producing 9.2 inch then 6 inch shells for the Ministry of Munitions, mines[26] and a contract with Vickers to produce marine oil engines for submarines, under licence for the Admiralty.[84]
In the early hours 26 September 1916, the works were targeted by Zeppelin L 21; a bomb missed passing through the roof of nearby Holy Trinity Church.[85]
In the search for new markets after the war the firm invested in machinery to produce petrol engines and other car components, entering a contract with Vulcan Motor & Engineering Co of Southport for 1000 20 hp petrol engines, but work discontinued in 1922 when Vulcan became bankrupt, with only 150 completed.[26]
Following the arrival of electrical engineer Wyndham D'arcy Madden from Stothert & Pitt in 1919, Hick Hargreaves was re-organised to include a sales department responsible for advertising, supervised by Madden who in succession was appointed Managing Director in 1922, serving until 1963.[89]
Trained at Faraday House Engineering College, from outside the Hargreaves family circle and established conventions of the industrial regions, Madden ensured the business was run economically during the difficult times ahead. The readiness to adapt was crucial to success during the interwar period; he realised that marketing the firm's specialities was as important to the design and manufacture of its products.[90]
By the early 1960's Hick Hargreaves established itself in the practical application of nuclear energy, supplying de-aerating equipment for the early atomic power stations at Calder Hall, Chapelcross and Dounreay, and the complete feed heating system, condensing plant and steam dump condensers for Hunterston.
The company received orders for the ejectors, de-aerators and dump condensers for the prototype advanced gas cooled reactor at Windscale[98] and a commission to design the condensing plants and feed systems for the first 175.000 KW Japanese Atomic Power Station at Tokai Mura.[102][72]
About 1969 the firm's 1930s corporate identity[103] was brought up to date with a logo, while Madden's established and successful marketing of specialities continued;[102][104][72] during 1974 Hick Hargreaves promoted its achievements and support of industrial archaeology with an exhibition of B. Hick and Son locomotive drawings, emphasising its response to changing industrial developments since the nineteenth century.[102][1]
Between the 1840s and 1870s, the firm had its own Brass Band, "John Hick's Esq, Band," known as the Soho Iron Works Band with a uniform of "... rich full braided coat, black trousers, with two-inch gold lace down the sides and blue cap with gold band," who would play airs through the streets of Bolton.[105]
Finishing the ends of a crankshaft after building;[111] an improvised lathe for machining a large steam engine crankshaft, 1900[72] with a worm and wheel for turning the shaft in the centre. In the background on the far right is a screw cutting machine.[112]
Flywheel for a large textile mill engine 1900, set up to machine grooves for the rope drives simultaneously. The saddle with two tool posts to the front. The wheel is rotated by two pinions driving via the cast-in barring gear teeth in the flywheel rim. Temporary wedges are securing the spokes to the hub of the wheel. A travelling crane behind and above.[72][112]
Cross compoundCorliss mill engine 1900, shop assembled to ensure that the parts fit together and make any preliminary adjustments, the low-pressure cylinder is on the left, high-pressure cylinder on the right.[72][112]
Flywheel for a large rolling mill engine 1900; the heavy rim is cast in four sections bolted together at the rim. Top right, the trunk guide and bedplate of the engine under manufacture, beyond the bedplate is the flywheel and connecting rod of a small horizontal steam engine.[72][112]
Rolling mill flywheel.[72] The wheel is rotated by the pinion on the right.
Flywheel; the hub and spokes cast in two halves, bolted at the hub with the rim assembled from ten castings. These are bolted to the spokes, held together by shrinking rings in the grooves.[72]
Superheater of a Lancashire boiler 1900, for the extraction of heat from waste gasses, and transfer of heat to saturated steam passing from the boiler to the steam range or engine. This raised the overall thermal efficiency of the plant, and would also prevent damage from slugs of condensate by ensuring the saturated steam was dry and not wet.[112]
Certificate issued by The Ministry of Labour for The National Scheme for the Employment of Disabled Men, recognising the membership of Hick Hargreaves and Co. Ltd. Signed by Thomas James Macnamara, Minister of Labour 1920–1922.
Ownership changesedit
In 1968, the Hargreaves family sold their shares to Electrical & Industrial Securities Ltd which became part of TI Group, and subsequently Smiths Group.
In 2001, BOC bought the business from Smiths Group and relocated the offices to Wingates Industrial Estate in Westhoughton, and subsequently to Lynstock Way in Lostock, as part of Edwards. Some of the manufacturing equipment was transferred to their lower cost facility in Czechoslovakia.
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Forncett Industrial Steam Museum: Hick, Hargreaves and Co. 50 hp Corliss girder bed engine 1873 (No.303), used to power Gamble's lace factory, Nottingham
Lucien Alphonse Legros - eldest son of Alphonse Legros, entered Hick, Hargreaves works in 1887.