Summary
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Legend: unrounded • rounded |
A back vowel is any in a class of vowel sound used in spoken languages. The defining characteristic of a back vowel is that the highest point of the tongue is positioned relatively back in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Back vowels are sometimes also called dark vowels because they are perceived as sounding darker than the front vowels.[1]
Near-back vowels are essentially a type of back vowels; no language is known to contrast back and near-back vowels based on backness alone.
The category "back vowel" comprises both raised vowels and retracted vowels.
Articulation
editIn their articulation, back vowels do not form a single category, but may be either raised vowels such as [u] or retracted vowels such as [ɑ].[2]
Partial list
editThe back vowels that have dedicated symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet are:
- close back unrounded vowel [ɯ]
- close back protruded vowel [u]
- near-close back protruded vowel [ʊ]
- close-mid back unrounded vowel [ɤ]
- close-mid back protruded vowel [o]
- open-mid back unrounded vowel [ʌ]
- open-mid back rounded vowel [ɔ]
- open back unrounded vowel [ɑ]
- open back rounded vowel [ɒ]
There also are back vowels that do not have dedicated symbols in the IPA:
- close back compressed vowel [ɯᵝ] or [uᵝ]
- near-close back unrounded vowel [ɯ̽] or [ʊ̜]
- near-close back compressed vowel [ɯ̽ᵝ] or [ʊᵝ]
- close-mid back compressed vowel [ɤᵝ] or [oᵝ]
- mid back unrounded vowel [ɤ̞] or [ʌ̝]
- mid back rounded vowel [o̞] or [ɔ̝]
As here, other back vowels can be transcribed with diacritics of relative articulation applied to letters for neighboring vowels, such as ⟨u̞⟩, ⟨o̝⟩ or ⟨ʊ̠⟩ for a near-close back rounded vowel.
Occurrence
editAccording to PHOIBLE, the most common phonemic back vowel is /u/, occurring in approximately 88% of languages, while the most uncommon phonemic back vowel is /ɒ/, occurring in only 2% of recorded inventories.
| Vowel | % |
|---|---|
| /u/ | 88 |
| /o/ | 60 |
| /ɔ/ | 35 |
| /ʊ/ | 14 |
| /ɑ/ | 7 |
| /ɯ/ | 6 |
| /ʌ/ | 4 |
| /ɤ/ | 3 |
| /ɒ/ | 2 |
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Tsur, Reuven (February 1992). The Poetic Mode of Speech Perception. Duke University Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-8223-1170-6.
- ^ Scott Moisik, Ewa Czaykowska-Higgins, & John H. Esling (2012) "The Epilaryngeal Articulator: A New Conceptual Tool for Understanding Lingual-Laryngeal Contrasts"
- ^ Steven Moran and Daniel McCloy, ed. (2019). PHOIBLE 2.0. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.