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Barzalosa Formation

Summary

The Barzalosa Formation (Spanish: Formación Barzalosa, Pgb, Pgba) is a fossiliferous geological formation of the Upper Magdalena Valley and the bounding foothills of the Central Ranges and Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The formation consists of conglomerates, sandstones and siltstones. The Barzalosa Formation probably dates to the Late Paleogene to Early Neogene period; Oligocene to Early Miocene epochs, and has an approximate thickness of 360 metres (1,180 ft). Fossils of Balanerodus logimus, Lophiodolodus chaparralensis, Xenastrapotherium chaparralensis, Protheosodon sp. and Proadinotherium sp. have been uncovered from the formation in Chaparral, Tolima.

Barzalosa Formation
Stratigraphic range: ~Mid Eocene-Oligocene
or Oligocene-Early Miocene
~40–20 Ma
TypeGeological formation
UnderliesHonda Gp., Carmen de Apicalá Conglomerate
OverliesLa Tabla Fm., Olini Gp., Seca Fm.
Thickness~360 m (1,180 ft)
Lithology
PrimaryConglomerates
OtherSandstones, siltstones, shale, gypsum
Location
Coordinates4°21′50.2″N 74°47′29.8″W / 4.363944°N 74.791611°W / 4.363944; -74.791611
Approximate paleocoordinates2°42′N 71°12′W / 2.7°N 71.2°W / 2.7; -71.2
RegionUpper Magdalena Valley
Central & Eastern Ranges
 Andes
Country Colombia
Type section
Named forBarzalosa
Named byScheibe
LocationGirardot
Year defined1934
Coordinates4°21′50.2″N 74°47′29.8″W / 4.363944°N 74.791611°W / 4.363944; -74.791611
RegionCundinamarca
Country Colombia

Paleogeography of Northern South America
35 Ma, by Ron Blakey

Etymology edit

The formation was defined by Scheibe in 1934 and named after Barzalosa, a vereda of Girardot, Cundinamarca. Cáceres and Etayo elevated the "Pisos de Barzalosa" to a formation in 1969.[1]

Description edit

Lithologies edit

The Barzalosa Formation consists of conglomerates, sandstones and siltstones.[2] In parts, the formation contains shale beds and gypsum.[3]

Stratigraphy and depositional environment edit

The approximately 360 metres (1,180 ft) thick Barzalosa Formation overlies the Olini Group and the Seca Formation in the west and is overlain by the Honda Group.[2] In the east towards Fusagasugá, the formation overlies the La Tabla Formation and is overlain by the Carmen de Apicalá Conglomerate.[4] As the formation does not contain foraminifera, the age is difficult to establish, but has been estimated to be Oligocene to Early Miocene,[2] or Middle Eocene to Oligocene.[5] The depositional environment has been interpreted as alluvial fans and braided rivers.[6]

Fossil content edit

Location Department Fossils Notes
Alto San José, Chaparral Tolima Balanerodus logimus
[7]
Lophiodolodus chaparralensis
[8]
Xenastrapotherium chaparralensis
[9]
Protheosodon sp.
[10]
Proadinotherium sp.
[11]
Megalonychoidae indet., Gavialidae indet.
[12]

Outcrops edit

 
 
class=notpageimage|
Type locality of the Barzalosa Formation to the southwest of the Bogotá savanna

The Barzalosa Formation is apart from its type locality found in Tocaima and to the east of Agua de Dios,[1] and on the western side of the Magdalena River around Chaparral, Tolima.[12]

Regional correlations edit

Stratigraphy of the Llanos Basin and surrounding provinces
Ma Age Paleomap Regional events Catatumbo Cordillera proximal Llanos distal Llanos Putumayo VSM Environments Maximum thickness Petroleum geology Notes
0.01 Holocene
 
 Holocene volcanism
Seismic activity		 alluvium Overburden
1 Pleistocene
 
 Pleistocene volcanism
Andean orogeny 3
Glaciations		 Guayabo Soatá
Sabana		 Necesidad Guayabo Gigante
Neiva
 Alluvial to fluvial (Guayabo) 550 m (1,800 ft)
(Guayabo)		 [13][14][15][16]
2.6 Pliocene
 
 Pliocene volcanism
Andean orogeny 3
GABI		 Subachoque
5.3 Messinian Andean orogeny 3
Foreland		 Marichuela Caimán Honda [15][17]
13.5 Langhian Regional flooding León hiatus Caja León Lacustrine (León) 400 m (1,300 ft)
(León)		 Seal [16][18]
16.2 Burdigalian Miocene inundations
Andean orogeny 2		 C1 Carbonera C1 Ospina Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C1) 850 m (2,790 ft)
(Carbonera)		 Reservoir [17][16]
17.3 C2 Carbonera C2 Distal lacustrine-deltaic (C2) Seal
19 C3 Carbonera C3 Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C3) Reservoir
21 Early Miocene Pebas wetlands C4 Carbonera C4 Barzalosa Distal fluvio-deltaic (C4) Seal
23 Late Oligocene
 
 Andean orogeny 1
Foredeep		 C5 Carbonera C5 Orito Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C5) Reservoir [14][17]
25 C6 Carbonera C6 Distal fluvio-lacustrine (C6) Seal
28 Early Oligocene C7 C7 Pepino Gualanday Proximal deltaic-marine (C7) Reservoir [14][17][19]
32 Oligo-Eocene C8 Usme C8 onlap Marine-deltaic (C8) Seal
Source		 [19]
35 Late Eocene
 
 Mirador Mirador Coastal (Mirador) 240 m (790 ft)
(Mirador)		 Reservoir [16][20]
40 Middle Eocene Regadera hiatus
45
50 Early Eocene
 
 Socha Los Cuervos Deltaic (Los Cuervos) 260 m (850 ft)
(Los Cuervos)		 Seal
Source		 [16][20]
55 Late Paleocene PETM
2000 ppm CO2		 Los Cuervos Bogotá Gualanday
60 Early Paleocene SALMA Barco Guaduas Barco Rumiyaco Fluvial (Barco) 225 m (738 ft)
(Barco)		 Reservoir [13][14][17][16][21]
65 Maastrichtian
 
 KT extinction Catatumbo Guadalupe Monserrate Deltaic-fluvial (Guadalupe) 750 m (2,460 ft)
(Guadalupe)		 Reservoir [13][16]
72 Campanian End of rifting Colón-Mito Juan [16][22]
83 Santonian Villeta/Güagüaquí
86 Coniacian
89 Turonian Cenomanian-Turonian anoxic event La Luna Chipaque Gachetá hiatus Restricted marine (all) 500 m (1,600 ft)
(Gachetá)		 Source [13][16][23]
93 Cenomanian
 
 Rift 2
100 Albian Une Une Caballos Deltaic (Une) 500 m (1,600 ft)
(Une)		 Reservoir [17][23]
113 Aptian
 
 Capacho Fómeque Motema Yaví Open marine (Fómeque) 800 m (2,600 ft)
(Fómeque)		 Source (Fóm) [14][16][24]
125 Barremian High biodiversity Aguardiente Paja Shallow to open marine (Paja) 940 m (3,080 ft)
(Paja)		 Reservoir [13]
129 Hauterivian
 
 Rift 1 Tibú-
Mercedes		 Las Juntas hiatus Deltaic (Las Juntas) 910 m (2,990 ft)
(Las Juntas)		 Reservoir (LJun) [13]
133 Valanginian Río Negro Cáqueza
Macanal
Rosablanca		 Restricted marine (Macanal) 2,935 m (9,629 ft)
(Macanal)		 Source (Mac) [14][25]
140 Berriasian Girón
145 Tithonian Break-up of Pangea Jordán Arcabuco Buenavista
Batá
 Saldaña Alluvial, fluvial (Buenavista) 110 m (360 ft)
(Buenavista)		 "Jurassic" [17][26]
150 Early-Mid Jurassic
 
 Passive margin 2 La Quinta
Montebel

Noreán		 hiatus Coastal tuff (La Quinta) 100 m (330 ft)
(La Quinta)		 [27]
201 Late Triassic
 
 Mucuchachi Payandé [17]
235 Early Triassic
 
 Pangea hiatus "Paleozoic"
250 Permian
 
300 Late Carboniferous
 
 Famatinian orogeny Cerro Neiva
()		 [28]
340 Early Carboniferous Fossil fish
Romer's gap		 Cuche
(355-385)		 Farallones
()		 Deltaic, estuarine (Cuche) 900 m (3,000 ft)
(Cuche)
360 Late Devonian
 
 Passive margin 1 Río Cachirí
(360-419)		 Ambicá
()		 Alluvial-fluvial-reef (Farallones) 2,400 m (7,900 ft)
(Farallones)		 [25][29][30][31][32]
390 Early Devonian
 
 High biodiversity Floresta
(387-400)
El Tíbet
 Shallow marine (Floresta) 600 m (2,000 ft)
(Floresta)
410 Late Silurian Silurian mystery
425 Early Silurian hiatus
440 Late Ordovician
 
 Rich fauna in Bolivia San Pedro
(450-490)		 Duda
()
470 Early Ordovician First fossils Busbanzá
(>470±22)
Chuscales
Otengá
 Guape
()		 Río Nevado
()
Hígado
()
Agua Blanca
Venado
(470-475)
 [33][34][35]
488 Late Cambrian
 
 Regional intrusions Chicamocha
(490-515)		 Quetame
()		 Ariarí
()		 SJ del Guaviare
(490-590)		 San Isidro
()		 [36][37]
515 Early Cambrian Cambrian explosion [35][38]
542 Ediacaran
 
 Break-up of Rodinia pre-Quetame post-Parguaza El Barro
()		 Yellow: allochthonous basement
(Chibcha Terrane)
Green: autochthonous basement
(Río Negro-Juruena Province)		 Basement [39][40]
600 Neoproterozoic Cariri Velhos orogeny Bucaramanga
(600-1400)		 pre-Guaviare [36]
800
 
 Snowball Earth [41]
1000 Mesoproterozoic
 
 Sunsás orogeny Ariarí
(1000)		 La Urraca
(1030-1100)		 [42][43][44][45]
1300 Rondônia-Juruá orogeny pre-Ariarí Parguaza
(1300-1400)		 Garzón
(1180-1550)		 [46]
1400
 
 pre-Bucaramanga [47]
1600 Paleoproterozoic Maimachi
(1500-1700)		 pre-Garzón [48]
1800
 
 Tapajós orogeny Mitú
(1800)		 [46][48]
1950 Transamazonic orogeny pre-Mitú [46]
2200 Columbia
2530 Archean
 
 Carajas-Imataca orogeny [46]
3100 Kenorland
Sources
Legend
  • group
  • important formation
  • fossiliferous formation
  • minor formation
  • (age in Ma)
  • proximal Llanos (Medina)[note 1]
  • distal Llanos (Saltarin 1A well)[note 2]


See also edit

  Geology of the Eastern Hills
  Middle Magdalena Valley
  Geology of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense

Notes edit

  1. ^ based on Duarte et al. (2019)[49], García González et al. (2009),[50] and geological report of Villavicencio[51]
  2. ^ based on Duarte et al. (2019)[49] and the hydrocarbon potential evaluation performed by the UIS and ANH in 2009[52]

References edit

  1. ^ a b Acosta et al., 2002, p.49
  2. ^ a b c Acosta et al., 2002, p.50
  3. ^ Acosta & Ulloa, 2001, p.56
  4. ^ Acosta & Ulloa, 2001, p.52
  5. ^ Acosta & Ulloa, 2001, p.57
  6. ^ Acosta et al., 2002, p.51
  7. ^ Balanerodus logimus in the Paleobiology Database
  8. ^ Lophiodolodus chaparralensis in the Paleobiology Database
  9. ^ Xenastrapotherium chaparralensis in the Paleobiology Database
  10. ^ Protheosodon in the Paleobiology Database
  11. ^ Proadinotherium in the Paleobiology Database
  12. ^ a b Chaparral Alto José in the Paleobiology Database
  13. ^ a b c d e f García González et al., 2009, p.27
  14. ^ a b c d e f García González et al., 2009, p.50
  15. ^ a b García González et al., 2009, p.85
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Barrero et al., 2007, p.60
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h Barrero et al., 2007, p.58
  18. ^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.29
  19. ^ a b Plancha 177, 2015, p.39
  20. ^ a b Plancha 111, 2001, p.26
  21. ^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.24
  22. ^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.23
  23. ^ a b Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.32
  24. ^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.30
  25. ^ a b Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.21-26
  26. ^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.28
  27. ^ Correa Martínez et al., 2019, p.49
  28. ^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.27
  29. ^ Terraza et al., 2008, p.22
  30. ^ Plancha 229, 2015, pp.46-55
  31. ^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.26
  32. ^ Moreno Sánchez et al., 2009, p.53
  33. ^ Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.43
  34. ^ Manosalva Sánchez et al., 2017, p.84
  35. ^ a b Plancha 303, 2002, p.24
  36. ^ a b Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.42
  37. ^ Arango Mejía et al., 2012, p.25
  38. ^ Plancha 350, 2011, p.49
  39. ^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.17-21
  40. ^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.13
  41. ^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.23
  42. ^ Plancha 348, 2015, p.38
  43. ^ Planchas 367-414, 2003, p.35
  44. ^ Toro Toro et al., 2014, p.22
  45. ^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.21
  46. ^ a b c d Bonilla et al., 2016, p.19
  47. ^ Gómez Tapias et al., 2015, p.209
  48. ^ a b Bonilla et al., 2016, p.22
  49. ^ a b Duarte et al., 2019
  50. ^ García González et al., 2009
  51. ^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001
  52. ^ García González et al., 2009, p.60

Bibliography edit

  • Acosta, Jorge E.; Rafael Guatame; Juan Carlos Caicedo A., and Jorge Ignacio Cárdenas. 2002. Mapa Geológico de Colombia - Plancha 245 - Girardot - 1:100,000 - Memoria Explicativa, 1–92. INGEOMINAS.
  • Acosta, Jorge E., and Carlos E. Ulloa. 2001. Mapa Geológico de Colombia - Plancha 246 - Fusagasugá - 1:100,000 - Memoria Explicativa, 1–77. INGEOMINAS.

Maps edit

  • Acosta, Jorge E.; Rafael Guatame; Oscar Torres, and Frank Solano. 1999. Plancha 245 - Girardot - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.
  • Acosta, Jorge E., and Carlos E. Ulloa. 1998. Plancha 246 - Fusagasugá - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.

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