Ramazzini was born in Carpi on 4 October 1633 according to his birth certificate.[2] He studied medicine at the University of Parma, where his interest in occupational diseases began.[citation needed][3]
The first edition of De Morbis was published in 1700 in Modena, the second in 1713 in Padua.
Occupational medicineedit
His book on occupational diseases, De Morbis Artificum Diatriba (Diseases of Workers) outlined the health hazards of chemicals, dust, metals, repetitive or violent motions, odd postures, and other disease-causative agents encountered by workers in more than fifty occupations.[6] This was one of the founding and seminal works of occupational medicine and played a substantial role in its development.[4][5]
He proposed that physicians should extend the list of questions that Hippocrates recommended they ask their patients by adding, "What is your occupation?".[4]
Ramazzini saw prevention as being better than cure. In his Oratio given in 1711, he suggested that "it is much better to prevent than to cure, and so much easier to foresee future harm and avoid it rather than have to get rid of it after having fallen prey".[citation needed]
Malariaedit
In regards to malaria, Ramazzini was one of the first to support the use of the quinine-rich bark cinchona. Many falsely claimed that quinine was toxic and ineffective, but Ramazzini recognized its importance. He is quoted, "It [quinine] did for medicine what gun powder did for war."[7]
Canceredit
In 1713, Bernardino Ramazzini said that nuns developed breast cancer at a higher rate than married women, because they did not engage in sexual intercourse, and the "unnatural" lack of sexual activity caused instability of the breast tissues that sometimes developed into breast cancer.[8]
In a lifestyle article "Sitting can lead to an early death", the writer acknowledged Ramazzini's pioneering study of this field in the 17th century.[10]
^Ramazzini, Bernardino (1 September 2001). "De Morbis Artificum Diatriba [Diseases of Workers]". American Journal of Public Health. 91 (9): 1380–1382. doi:10.2105/AJPH.91.9.1380. ISSN 0090-0036. PMC1446785. PMID 11527762.
^"Ethical values and virtues of the Diatriba. A tribute to Bernardino Ramazzini on the tercentenary of his death (1714)". Researchgate.net. Retrieved 25 July 2017.
^Pope, Malcolm H. (2004). "Bernardino Ramazzini: The Father of Occupational Medicine". Spine. 29 (20): 2335–2338. doi:10.1097/01.brs.0000142437.70429.a8. ISSN 0362-2436. PMID 15480150.
^ abcGochfeld, Michael (February 2005). "Chronologic history of occupational medicine". Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 47 (2): 96–114. doi:10.1097/01.jom.0000152917.03649.0e. ISSN 1076-2752. PMID 15706170. S2CID 35548035.
Gochfeld, Michael (2005). "Chronologic history of occupational medicine" (PDF). Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 47 (2): 96–114. doi:10.1097/01.jom.0000152917.03649.0e. PMID 15706170. S2CID 35548035. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 September 2006. Retrieved 3 March 2009. A PDF copy of the article.
^ abcRamazzini, Bernardino (1 September 2001). "VOICES FROM THE PAST – De Morbis Artificum Diatriba (Diseases of Workers)". Am J Public Health. 91 (9): 1380–1382. doi:10.2105/AJPH.91.9.1380. PMC1446785. PMID 11527762. The article contains excerpts from the English translation by Wilmer Cave Wright (Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1940) based on the Latin text of 1713, and includes a biographical note, Bernardino Ramazzini: The Father of Occupational Medicine, by Giuliano Franco, MD and Francesca Franco MD, MPH
^Cockayne, Emily (2007). Hubbub: Filth Noise & Stench in England. Yale University Press. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-300-13756-9.
^Poser, Charles M; Bruyn, GW (1999). An illustrated history of malaria. New York: Parthenon Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85070-068-5. OCLC 40354694.
^Olson, James Stuart (2002). Bathsheba's breast: women, cancer & history. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 32–33. ISBN 978-0-8018-6936-5.
^"History". Collegium Ramazzini. Archived from the original on 5 August 2018. Retrieved 3 March 2009. History (of Occupational Medicine) with notes on the life of Ramazzini.
Ephemerides barometricae Mutinenses anni 1694 (in Latin). Modena: Antonio Capponi. 1695.
De principum valetudine tuenda (in Latin). Padova: Giovanni Battista Conzatti. 1710.
De morbis artificum diatriba (in Italian). Venezia: Domenico Occhi. 1745.
Bibliographyedit
Essai sur les Maladies de Disseus. Original translation from Latin in "De Mortis Artificum" by M. De Foureau
Altschuler, Eric Lewin (2005). "Ramazzini and writer's cramp". The Lancet. 365 (9463): 938. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)71080-1. PMID 15766994. S2CID 26226325.
Marin, V Terribile Wiel; Bellinati C; Panetto M; Zanchin G (November 2003). "Bernardino Ramazzini lies in Padua". The Lancet. 362 (9396): 1680. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14817-9. PMID 14630462. S2CID 30133828.
Franco, G (September 1999). "Ramazzini and workers' health". Lancet. 354 (9181): 858–861. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(99)80042-7. PMID 10485743. S2CID 33545863.
"Bernardini Ramazzini (1633–1714) physician of the tradesmen". JAMA. 210 (13): 2391–2392. December 1969. doi:10.1001/jama.210.13.2391. PMID 4902526.
Bisetti, A A (1988). "Bernardino Ramazzini and occupational lung medicine". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.534 (1): 1029–1037. Bibcode:1988NYASA.534.1029B. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1988.tb30193.x. PMID 3291704. S2CID 46624370.
Hook, G E (November 1995). "Ramazzini: father of environmental health?". Environ. Health Perspect.103 (11): 982–983. doi:10.1289/ehp.95103982. JSTOR 3432616. PMC1519185. PMID 8605856.
Pope, Malcolm H (October 2004). "Bernardino Ramazzini: the father of occupational medicine". Spine. 29 (20): 2335–2338. doi:10.1097/01.brs.0000142437.70429.a8. PMID 15480150.
Franco G, Franco F. Bernardino Ramazzini: The Father of Occupational Medicine. Am J Publ Health 2001;91:1380–1382
Franco G, Fusetti L. A. Bernardino Ramazzini's early observations of the link between musculoskeletal disorders and ergonomic factors. Appl Ergonom 2004;34:67–70.
Franco G. Ramazzini and workers’ voice disorders. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2008;139:329
Franco G. Work-related musculoskeletal disorders. A lesson from the past. Epidemiology 2010;21:577–579
Franco G. Health disorders and ergonomic concerns from the use of microscope: A voice from the past. Am J Clin Pathol 2011; 135:170–171
Franco G. Bernardino Ramazzini and women workers’ health in the second half of the seventeenth century. J Public Health 2012;34:305–308[dead link]
Franco G. A tribute to Bernardino Ramazzini (1633–1714) on the tercentenary of his death Occ Med 2014;64:2–4[dead link]
Carnevale F, Iavicoli S. Bernardino Ramazzini (1633–1714): a visionary physician, scientist and communicator. Occup Environ Med 2015;72:2–3.
Franco G. La lezione di Bernardino Ramazzini, medico sociale e scienziato visionario. Acc. Naz. Sci Lett. Arti di Modena - Memorie Scientifiche 2015;18:49–62
Franco G. Prevention is far better than cure - Revisiting the past to strengthen the present: the lesson of Bernardino Ramazzini (1633-1714) in public health. YCP Publisher (2020) (Contents, Preface, Overview)
External linksedit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bernardino Ramazzini.
Ramazzini Collegium The Collegium supplies information on risks and prevention of injury and disease attributable to the workplace and the environment.
Some places and memories related to Ramazzini.
Presentations and publications on Ramazzini's famed work "De Morbis Artificum Diatriba"
Celebrazioni del tricentenario della morte Bernardino Ramazzini, a pioneer of public health - Presentation given on the occasion of the event "Bernardino Ramazzini, three-centenary from death". University of Padua, 18 October 2014
Tercentenary of the death
De fontium mutinensium admiranda scaturigine ; tractatus physico-hydro-staticus. - full digital facsimile at Linda Hall Library
Franco G. Meglio prevenire che curare – il pensiero di Bernardino Ramazzini, medico sociale e scienziato visionario. Narcissus, 2015