Born c. early 1393,^{[note 1]} Binnya Dhammaraza was a son of King Razadarit of Hanthawaddy (r. 1384–1421). His mother's name is lost to history although she may have been one of the principal queens since her son became the heir-presumptive.^{[note 2]} According to the Pak Lat Chronicles, his childhood princely title was Binnya Kyan (Mon: ဗညာကေန်, Burmese: ဗညားကျန်း, [bəɲá tɕáɴ]).^[2] He had at least three younger (half-) brothers, and at least three (half-) sisters.

As the eldest living son of Razadarit,^{[note 3]} the prince grew up as the heir-presumptive at the royal palace in Pegu (Bago). His childhood coincided with the emergence of his father's kingdom as a major power in the region in the 1390s. He and his brother princes saw no war in their formative years. Even when Razadarit twice renewed the war against the northern Ava Kingdom in 1401 and in 1408, the princes did not part in the war until the 1412–1413 dry season. The king famously motivated his sons that while King Minkhaung of Ava had a brilliant son in Minye Kyawswa, his own sons were completely useless.^[3]

Prompted by Razadarit's tirade, Dhammaraza and his brother princes went to war. To be sure, the Pegu high command initially was not sure about Dhammaraza's abilities. Despite being the eldest, Dhammaraza was not the first son to go to the front. It was Dhammaraza's younger half-brother and rival Prince Binnya Bassein (future King Binnya Ran I) that went to the Prome front in November 1412.^[4] When Dhammaraza went to the front for the first time in May 1413, he was already 20 years old, an old age for princes of the era to take the field for the first time, and he did not command the main army. He and Binnya Bassein commanded smaller armies at the flanks while Prince Binnya Dala (future Viceroy Binnya Kyan of Martaban), the youngest of the three, commanded the main army.^[5][6]

Dhammaraza proved capable. In his first battle, outside Dala (modern Twante), he and Binnya Bassein drove back Minye Kyawswa after Binnya Dala's main army had been defeated.^[5][7] The performance won him the honor of defending the capital Pegu in 1414–1415 when Razadarit decided to retreat to Martaban.^[8] Binnya Bassein and Binnya Dala bore the brunt of Ava's attacks^[9] but it was Dhammaraza that led the counterattack. On 13 March 1415, in one of the most famous battles in Burmese military history, Dhammaraza's vanguard regiment took on Minye Kyawswa. Although he was driven back and other Hanthawaddy forces were nearly defeated, the crown prince of Ava was mortally wounded in the battle.^[10][11]

A larger assignment followed. In 1416, Razadarit appointed Dhammaraza to lead an invasion of Toungoo (Taungoo), Ava's southeastern territory. But the prince and his army (7 regiments, 7000 men, 500 horses, 30 elephants) were decisively defeated outside Toungoo by Prince Thihathu of Prome.^[12][13] The quick and severe defeat apparently dimmed Dhammaraza's star. When Ava invaded in 1417–1418, he was not involved in the frontline battles as were his younger brothers.^[14] He did not get a chance to redeem himself as the war entered a lull for the rest of Razadarit's reign—to 1421.

The war did not produce a breakout performer among Razadarit's sons. Although Dhammaraza's record was less than stellar, Binnya Bassein (now known as Binnya Ran), and in Binnya Dala (now known as Binnya Kyan) too had uneven performances. The war, however, did eliminate a potential claimant when Ava forces captured another son of Razadarit, Prince Binnya Set of Dagon, and brought him back to Ava in 1418.^[14] In any case, when Razadarit suddenly died from a hunting accident in 1421, the still energetic 53-year-old king had not formally anointed an heir-apparent. He had at most given only governorships to his sons: Dhammaraza at Martaban (Mottama), Ran at Syriam (Thanlyin), and Kyan at Dala (Twante).^{[note 4]}

By primogeniture, Dhammaraza claimed the throne. But Ran and Kyan openly contested. Dhammaraza's chief rival was Ran, who was only a few months younger than him, and deemed the alternative by the court. Although Chief Minister Dein Mani-Yut did not take sides between Dhammaraza and Ran,^[15] the eldest prince apparently garnered enough support at the court to be crowned king at Pegu.^[16][17] His regnal title, according to Pak Lat, was Thudaw Dhamma Razadarit.^[18]

Initial rebellions edit

Upon Dhammaraza's accession at Pegu, Ran and Kyan immediately revolted out of fortified towns just within 120 km south of the capital. Ran held the key port of Syriam while Kyan seized Dagon (modern downtown Yangon) across the river from Syriam.^[16][17] Dhammaraza quickly pacified Ran by making him heir apparent.^[17][19] But he took a tougher line against Kyan by sending an army to take Dala. The expedition was successful but it also cornered Kyan, who now sought help from King Thihathu of Ava.^[17][19]

Renewal of war with Ava edit

Ava was eager to take advantage. Thihathu, who himself had ascended the Ava throne just two months before Dhammaraza's accession at Pegu, quickly sent down two regiments (2000 troops).^[16] In early 1422, Kyan's army aided by Ava troops defeated the Pegu army at Dala. Kyan had army commanders Smin Maw-Khwin and Smin Pun-Si, Dhammaraza loyalists, executed.^[16][17]

Pegu now faced a serious foreign-backed rebellion at its doorstep. Fortunately for Dhammaraza, Kyan had a change of heart. Disgusted by the looting and deportation of townsfolk by Ava troops at Dala, the prince entered into secret negotiations with Dhammaraza to drive out the Ava troops. An initial deal was quickly reached. In exchange for Kyan's support, Dhammaraza agreed to restore Kyan to his post at Dala, and then to assign a substantial post, to be determined later.^[17][20] The king sent another army to Dala while Kyan treacherously engineered the murder of principal officers of the Ava army inside Dala. Only about half the Ava troops made it back to their base at Prome (Pyay).^[17]

Appeasement edit

Knowing that Ava would return in the dry season, Dhammaraza desperately tried to keep the support of his brothers by sharing power. He gave the Bassein province (modern Ayeyarwady Region) in the west to Ran, and the Martaban province (modern Mon State and southern Kayin State) in the east to Kyan, leaving only the Pegu province (modern Yangon Region and southern Bago Region) to himself.^[20]

But the appeasement did not work. While Kyan was satisfied, and moved to Martaban, Ran wanted more. The crown prince still had the support of a court faction, and harbored ambitions to be king.^[21] As soon as Kyan left for Martaban, Ran brazenly occupied Dala and Dagon, which belonged to the Pegu province.^[17][20] According to Phayre, Ran's "ungrateful conduct" was a result of the king being hamstrung by various court factions.^[21] Before the eve of Ava's dry season invasion, Ran actually controlled the most territory—the entire Irrawaddy delta as well as the southern Pegu province—while the king controlled just around the capital.^[20] (Ran was also in control of Tharrawaddy,^[20] a territory claimed by Ava.)

Second Ava invasion edit

Indeed, Dhammaraza did not have a country to defend when Ava invaded in November/December 1422.^{[note 5]} It was Ran's delta region that 14,000-strong Ava forces led by Gen. Thado and Prince Min Nyo invaded by land and river.^[22] Ran's forces were no match for more numerous Ava forces, which quickly seized the entire delta and Dala.^[22] Ran fell back to defend from his last possession at Dagon, which was heavily fortified. A month into the siege, in January 1423, Ran proposed a marriage alliance by offering his younger sister Shin Saw Pu to Thihathu.^[22] He also acknowledged Ava's control of Tharrawaddy.^{[note 6]} At Ava, Thihathu accepted the offer, and sailed down the Irrawaddy with 7000 more troops. After the marriage between Thihathu and Shin Saw Pu at Dagon, Ava forces withdrew.^[22]

Aftermath edit

In all, Dhammaraza was a total bystander in the affairs with Ava. The king remained at the capital only with nominal authority.^[20] The stalemate went on for about another year and a half. After a reign of about three years, the king died, apparently poisoned by one of his queens.^[23] The poisoning may have been "instigated, it is supposed, by Binnya Ran", who succeeded.^[20] Binnya Dhammaraza was 31 (in his 32nd year).^[24]

Not much is known about the king's immediate family. One of his consorts was Mi Ta-Lat, daughter Governor–General Smin Awa Naing.^[25] He and Ta-Lat had been married at least since 1415.^{[note 7]} He had a son, King Binnya Kyan (r. 1451–1453).^[26]

Most of the Burmese chronicles provide little information about the king's life. Only the Slapat Rajawan explicitly mentions his year of accession, age at accession, length of reign, and age at death altogether. Part of the information in the following table is derived from the available information in the chronicles about his half-siblings Queen Shin Saw Pu and King Binnya Ran I.

• Athwa, Sayadaw (1906) [1766]. "Slapat des Ragawan der Königsgeschichte". Die äthiopischen Handschriften der K.K. Hofbibliothek zu Wien (in German). 151. Translated by P.W. Schmidt. Vienna: Alfred Hölder.
• Aung-Thwin, Michael A. (2017). Myanmar in the Fifteenth Century. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-6783-6.
• Harvey, G. E. (1925). History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.
• Htin Aung, Maung (1967). A History of Burma. New York and London: Cambridge University Press.
• Kala, U (2006) [1724]. Maha Yazawin (in Burmese). Vol. 1–3 (4th printing ed.). Yangon: Ya-Pyei Publishing.
• Maha Sithu (2012) [1798]. Kyaw Win; Thein Hlaing (eds.). Yazawin Thit (in Burmese). Vol. 1–3 (2nd ed.). Yangon: Ya-Pyei Publishing.
• Pan Hla, Nai (2005) [1968]. Razadarit Ayedawbon (in Burmese) (8th printing ed.). Yangon: Armanthit Sarpay.
• Phayre, Major Gen. Sir Arthur P. (1873). "The History of Pegu". Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. 42. Oxford University.
• Phayre, Lt. Gen. Sir Arthur P. (1967) [1883]. History of Burma. London: Susil Gupta.
• Royal Historical Commission of Burma (2003) [1832]. Hmannan Yazawin (in Burmese). Vol. 1–3. Yangon: Ministry of Information, Myanmar.
• Shwe Naw, ed. (1922) [1785]. Mon Yazawin (Shwe Naw) (in Burmese). Translated by Shwe Naw. Yangon: Burma Publishing Workers Association Press.