Bis(chloroethyl)_ether Knowpia

Bis(chloroethyl) ether
Names
	Preferred IUPAC name 1-Chloro-2-(2-chloroethoxy)ethane
	Other names Oxygen mustard; Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether; 2,2'-Dichlorodiethyl ether; Chlorex; Khloreks; DCEE; 2-Chloroethyl ether; 1,1'-oxybis[2-chloroethane]
Identifiers
CAS Number	111-44-4 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChEBI	CHEBI:34573 ;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL1613350 ;
ChemSpider	21106016 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.003.519
EC Number	203-870-1;
KEGG	C14688 ;
PubChem CID	8115;
RTECS number	KN0875000;
UNII	6K7D1G5M5N;
UN number	1916
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID9020168 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C4H8Cl2O/c5-1-3-7-4-2-6/h1-4H2 Key: ZNSMNVMLTJELDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ; InChI=1/C4H8Cl2O/c5-1-3-7-4-2-6/h1-4H2 Key: ZNSMNVMLTJELDZ-UHFFFAOYAN;
	SMILES ClCCOCCCl;
Properties
Chemical formula	C4H8Cl2O
Molar mass	143.01 g·mol−1
Appearance	Clear liquid
Odor	Chlorinated solvent-like
Density	1.22 g/mL
Melting point	−50 °C; −58 °F; 223 K
Boiling point	178 °C; 352 °F; 451 K decomposes
Solubility in water	10,200 mg/L
Vapor pressure	0.7 mmHg (20 °C)
Hazards
	Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH):
Main hazards	Very toxic (T+); Dangerous for the environment (N); Vesicant
	GHS labelling:
Pictograms
Signal word	Danger
Hazard statements	H226, H300, H310, H315, H319, H330, H351
Precautionary statements	P201, P202, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P262, P264, P270, P271, P280, P281, P284, P301+P310, P302+P350, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P313, P310, P320, P321, P322, P330, P332+P313, P337+P313, P361, P362, P363, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, P501
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)	4 1 1
Flash point	55 °C; 131 °F; 328 K
Explosive limits	2.7%-?
	Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LC50 (median concentration)	77 ppm (rat, 4 hr); 152 ppm (mouse, 2 hr); 500 ppm (guinea pig, 1 hr)
LCLo (lowest published)	250 ppm (rat, 4 hr); 500 ppm (guinea pig, 5 hr)
	NIOSH (US health exposure limits):
PEL (Permissible)	TWA 15 ppm (90 mg/m3) [skin]
REL (Recommended)	Ca TWA 5 ppm (30 mg/m3) ST 10 ppm (60 mg/m3) [skin]
IDLH (Immediate danger)	Ca [100 ppm]
Related compounds
Related compounds	Sulfur mustard; Nitrogen mustard; 2-Bromoethyl ether
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). (what is ?) Infobox references

Bis(chloroethyl) ether is an organic compound with the formula O(CH₂CH₂Cl)₂. It is an ether with two 2-chloroethyl substituents. It is a colorless liquid with the odor of a chlorinated solvent.^[3]

Reactions and applications edit

Bis(chloroethyl) ether is less reactive than the corresponding sulfur mustard S(CH₂CH₂Cl)₂.^[3] In the presence of base, it reacts with catechol to form dibenzo-18-crown-6:^[4]

Bis(chloroethyl) ether can be used in the synthesis of the cough suppressant fedrilate. It is combined with benzyl cyanide and two molar equivalents of sodamide in a ring-forming reaction. When treated with strong base, it gives divinyl ether, an anesthetic:^[5]

O(CH₂CH₂Cl)₂ + 2 KOH → O(CH=CH₂)₂ + 2 KCl + 2 H₂O

Toxicity edit

The LD₅₀ is 74 mg/kg (oral, rat).^[3] Bis(chloroethyl) ether is considered as a potential carcinogen.^[6]

References edit

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0196". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
^ ^a ^b "Dichloroethyl ether". Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
^ ^a ^b ^c Wang, Q. Q.; Begum, R. A.; Day, V. W.; Bowman-James, K. (2012). "Sulfur, Oxygen, and Nitrogen Mustards: Stability and Reactivity Wang, Qi-Qiang; Begum, Rowshan Ara; Day, Victor W.; Bowman-James, Kristin". Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry. 10 (44): 8786–8793. doi:10.1039/c2ob26482j. PMID 23070251. S2CID 9721325.
^ Pedersen, C. J. (1972). "Macrocyclic Polyethers: Dibenzo-18-Crown-6 Polyether and Dicyclohexyl-18-Crown-6 Polyether". Organic Syntheses. 52: 66; Collected Volumes, vol. 6, p. 395.
^ Wollweber, Hartmund (2000). "Anesthetics, General". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a02_289. ISBN 978-3527306732.
^ "CDC - Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH): Dichloroethyl ether - NIOSH Publications and Products". www.cdc.gov. 2017-11-07. Retrieved 2018-10-31.

[PGCH-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0196". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).

[IDLH-2] "Dichloroethyl ether". Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).

[KBJ-3] Wang, Q. Q.; Begum, R. A.; Day, V. W.; Bowman-James, K. (2012). "Sulfur, Oxygen, and Nitrogen Mustards: Stability and Reactivity Wang, Qi-Qiang; Begum, Rowshan Ara; Day, Victor W.; Bowman-James, Kristin". Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry. 10 (44): 8786–8793. doi:10.1039/c2ob26482j. PMID 23070251. S2CID 9721325.

[4] Pedersen, C. J. (1972). "Macrocyclic Polyethers: Dibenzo-18-Crown-6 Polyether and Dicyclohexyl-18-Crown-6 Polyether". Organic Syntheses. 52: 66; Collected Volumes, vol. 6, p. 395.

[Wollweber2000-5] Wollweber, Hartmund (2000). "Anesthetics, General". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a02_289. ISBN 978-3527306732.

[6] "CDC - Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH): Dichloroethyl ether - NIOSH Publications and Products". www.cdc.gov. 2017-11-07. Retrieved 2018-10-31.

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Summary

Reactions and applications edit

Toxicity edit

See also edit

References edit