With a basic calculation the bolt thrust produced by a particular firearms cartridge can be calculated fairly accurately.

Formula edit

${\displaystyle {\vec {F}}_{bolt}=P_{max}\cdot A_{internal}.}$  ^[1]

where:

• F_bolt = the amount of bolt thrust
• P_max = the maximum (peak) chamber pressure of the firearms cartridge
• A_internal = the inside area (of the cartridge case head) that the propellant deflagration gas pressure acts against

Cartridge case heads and chambers are generally circular. The area enclosed by a circle is:

${\displaystyle Area=\pi r^{2}\approx 3{.}1416\cdot r^{2}.}$ 

where:

• π ≈ 3.1416
• r = the radius of the circle

Equivalently, denoting the diameter of the circle by d.

${\displaystyle Area={\frac {\pi d^{2}}{4}}\approx 0{.}7854\cdot d^{2}.}$ 

A practical problem regarding this method is that the internal case head diameter of a particular production lot of cartridge cases (different brands and lots normally differ dimensionally) can not be easily measured without damaging them.

Friction effects edit

A complicating matter regarding bolt thrust is that a cartridge case expands and deforms under high pressure and starts to "stick" to the chamber. This "friction-effect" can be accounted for with finite elements calculations on a computer, but it is a lot of specialized work and generally not worth the trouble.^[2]

By oiling proof rounds during NATO EPVAT testing procedures, NATO test centers intentionally lower case friction to promote high bolt thrust levels.

Instead of using the internal case head diameter, the external case head base diameter can also be measured with a caliper or micrometer or taken from the appropriate C.I.P. or SAAMI cartridge or chamber data tables and used for bolt thrust estimation calculations.

The basic calculation method is almost the same, but now the larger outside area of the cartridge case head is used instead of the smaller inside area.

${\displaystyle {\vec {F_{bolt}}}=P_{max}\cdot A_{external}.}$ 

where:

• F_bolt = the amount of bolt thrust
• P_max = the maximum (peak) chamber pressure of the firearms cartridge
• A_external = the outside area of the cartridge case head

This method is fine for getting a good estimate regarding bolt thrust and assumes an overly large area that the gas pressure acts against yielding pessimistic estimations, generating a safety margin in the process for worse case scenarios which can result in increased maximum (peak) chamber pressure of the firearms cartridge, like a round that is chambered in an already very warm chamber that can result in cooking off (i.e. a thermally induced unintended firing).

Bolt thrust estimations for various pistol/revolver cartridges edit

The P1 (cartridge case base) diameters and P_max used in the calculations were taken from the appropriate C.I.P. data sheets.

Bolt thrust estimations for various rifle cartridges edit

The P1 (cartridge case base) diameters and P_max used in the calculations were taken from the appropriate C.I.P. data sheets.

• Blaser R93 Unfälle - zur Verschlußbelastung (in German)
• Zylinderverschluß - Verschlußkräfte (in German)