Boxing at the Summer Olympics

Summary

Boxing has been contested at every Summer Olympic Games since its introduction to the program at the 1904 Summer Olympics, except for the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, because Swedish law banned the sport at the time.[1] The 2008 Summer Olympics were the final games with boxing as a male only event. Since the 2012 Summer Olympics, women's boxing is part of the program.[2]

Boxing at the Summer Olympics
IOC Discipline CodeBOX
Governing bodyAIBA (suspended)
IOC (only 2020)
Events13 (men: 7; women: 6)
Games

Summary edit

Games Year Events Best Nation
1
2
3 1904 7   United States
4 1908 5   Great Britain
5
6
7 1920 8   United States
8 1924 8   United States
9 1928 8   Italy
10 1932 8   Argentina
11 1936 8   Germany
12
13
14 1948 8   South Africa
15 1952 10   United States
16 1956 10   Soviet Union
Games Year Events Best Nation
17 1960 10   Italy
18 1964 10   Soviet Union
19 1968 11   Soviet Union
20 1972 11   Cuba
21 1976 11   United States
22 1980 11   Cuba
23 1984 12   United States
24 1988 12   United States
25 1992 12   Cuba
26 1996 12   Cuba
27 2000 12   Cuba
28 2004 11   Cuba
29 2008 11   China
30 2012 13   Great Britain
31 2016 13   Uzbekistan
32 2020 13   Cuba

History edit

Boxing made its first appearance at the 1904 Summer Olympics as a men's event. Due to few competitors at the time, only North American boxers competed for this edition.[3] Since the 1908 Olympics, boxing has been contested at every Summer Olympic Games besides the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, because Swedish law banned the martial arts at the time.[1]

Until 1948, losing semi-finalists competed in a match for a bronze medal. However, in 1950 the International Boxing Association (IBA) decided to discontinue the bronze medal match as the short time interval between the semi-finals and the third-place match allowed limited time for competitors to recover. In 1970, the IBA proposed for both losing semi-finalists to receive a bronze medals, which was accepted by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and implemented since the 1972 Summer Olympics. Losing semi-finalists from 1952 to 1968 were also retroactively awarded bronze medals after initially only receiving Olympic diplomas.[4][5]

At the 2012 Summer Olympics, women's boxing events were added to the programme for the first time.[2]

In 2016, the IBA allowed professional boxers to compete in Olympic events, previously being limited to amateur or state-funded boxers, for the first time.[6]

Events edit

The boxing competition is organized as a set of tournaments, one for each weight class. The number of weight classes has changed over the years (currently 7 for men and 6 for women), and the definition of each class has changed several times, as shown in the following table. Until 1936, weights were measured in pounds, and from 1948 onwards, weights were measured in kilograms.

On March 23, 2013, the International Boxing Association instituted significant changes to the format. The World Series of Boxing, AIBA's pro team league which started in 2010, already enabled team members to retain 2012 Olympic eligibility. The newer AIBA Pro Boxing Tournament, consisting of boxers who sign 5-year contracts with AIBA and compete on pro cards leading up to the tournament, also provides a pathway for new pros to retain their Olympic eligibility and retain ties with national committees.[7][8]

From the 2016 Summer Olympics, male athletes no longer have to wear protective headgear in competition, due to a ruling by the AIBA and the IOC that it contributes to greater concussion risk. Female athletes will continue to wear the headgear, due to "lack of data" on the effectiveness of it on women.[9] Also from 2016 onwards, the "10-point must" scoring system was used.[7]

Men's weight classes
1904[a] 1908 1920–1936 1948 1952–1964 1968–1980 1984–2000 2004–2008[10] 2012–2016[11] 2020 [12]
Heavyweight
+158 lb
(+71.7 kg)
Heavyweight
+175 lb
(+79.4 kg)
Heavyweight
+80 kg
Heavyweight
+81 kg
Super-Heavyweight
+91 kg
Heavyweight
81–91 kg
Light-Heavyweight
75–81 kg
Light-Heavyweight
73–80 kg
Light-Heavyweight
160–175 lb
(72.6–79.4 kg)
Middleweight
71–75 kg
Middleweight
69–75 kg
Middleweight
67–73 kg
Middleweight
147–160 lb
(66.7–72.6 kg)
Middleweight
145–158 lb
(65.8–71.7 kg)
Middleweight
140–158 lb
(63.5–71.7 kg)
Light-Middleweight
67–71 kg
Welterweight
64–69 kg
Welterweight
63–69 kg
Welterweight
62–67 kg
Welterweight
63.5–67 kg
Welterweight
135–147 lb
(61.2–66.7 kg)
Welterweight
135–145 lb
(61.2–65.8 kg)
Light-Welterweight
60–64 kg
Lightweight
126–140 lb
(57.2–63.5 kg)
Light-Welterweight
60–63.5 kg
Lightweight
57–63 kg
Lightweight
58–62 kg
Lightweight
125–135 lb
(56.7–61.2 kg)
Lightweight
126–135 lb
(57.2–61.2 kg)
Lightweight
57–60 kg
Lightweight
56–60 kg
Featherweight
54–58 kg
Featherweight
116–126 lb
(52.6–57.2 kg)
Featherweight
118[b]–126 lb
(53.5–57.2 kg)
Featherweight
54–57 kg
Featherweight
52–57 kg
Featherweight
115–125 lb
(52.2–56.7 kg)
Bantamweight
52–56 kg
Bantamweight
51–54 kg
Bantamweight
112–118[b] lb
(50.8–53.5 kg)
Bantamweight
–116 lb
(-52.6 kg)
Bantamweight
105–115 lb
(47.6–52.2 kg)
Flyweight
49–52 kg
Flyweight
48–52 kg
Flyweight
-51 kg
Flyweight
48–51 kg
Flyweight
–112 lb
(-50.8 kg)
Light-Flyweight
46–49 kg
Light-Flyweight
-48 kg
Flyweight
–105 lb
(-47.6 kg)
7 5 8 8 10 11 12 11 10 8
Women's weight classes
1904 2012–2016 2020
demonstration bout Middleweight
69–75 kg
Welterweight
64–69 kg
Lightweight
57–60 kg
Featherweight
54–57 kg
Flyweight
48–51 kg
3 5

Medal table edit

The following table is ranked by the number of golds, then silvers, then bronzes.[13] Until 1948, losing semi-finalists held a bronze medal playoff; since 1952, both losing semi-finalists have received bronze medals.

As of the 2020 Summer Olympics, considering stripped and reallocated medals as of December 31, 2021.
RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1  United States (USA)502740117
2  Cuba (CUB)41191878
3  Great Britain (GBR)20152762
4  Italy (ITA)15151848
5  Soviet Union (URS)14191851
6  Russia (RUS)1051530
7  Hungary (HUN)102820
8  Poland (POL)892643
9  Argentina (ARG)771024
  Kazakhstan (KAZ)771024
11  France (FRA)691025
12  South Africa (RSA)64919
13  Bulgaria (BUL)55919
14  Uzbekistan (UZB)52815
15  East Germany (GDR)52613
16  Germany (GER)491023
17  Thailand (THA)44715
  Ukraine (UKR)44715
19  South Korea (KOR)371020
20  Canada (CAN)37717
21  Ireland (IRL)351018
22  China (CHN)35614
23  Yugoslavia (YUG)32611
24  Czechoslovakia (TCH)3126
25  Japan (JPN)3058
26  Mexico (MEX)23813
27  North Korea (PRK)2338
28  Brazil (BRA)2248
29  Finland (FIN)211316
30  Romania (ROU)191525
31  Denmark (DEN)15612
32  Turkey (TUR)1337
33  United Team of Germany (EUA)1326
  Venezuela (VEN)1326
35  Netherlands (NED)1258
36  Mongolia (MGL)1247
37  Norway (NOR)1225
38  Kenya (KEN)1157
39  ROC1146
40  Belgium (BEL)1124
  New Zealand (NZL)1124
42  Algeria (ALG)1056
  West Germany (FRG)1056
44  Dominican Republic (DOM)1012
45  Sweden (SWE)05611
46  Philippines (PHI)0448
47  Nigeria (NGR)0336
48  Uganda (UGA)0314
49  Spain (ESP)0224
50  Belarus (BLR)0202
51  Azerbaijan (AZE)0189
52  Puerto Rico (PUR)0156
53  Australia (AUS)0145
  Colombia (COL)0145
55  Egypt (EGY)0134
  Ghana (GHA)0134
57  Chile (CHI)0123
58  Cameroon (CMR)0112
  Unified Team (EUN)0112
60  Australasia (ANZ)0101
  Czech Republic (CZE)0101
  Estonia (EST)0101
  Tonga (TGA)0101
64  Morocco (MAR)0044
65  India (IND)0033
66  Armenia (ARM)0022
  Moldova (MDA)0022
  Tunisia (TUN)0022
69  Bermuda (BER)0011
  Chinese Taipei (TPE)0011
  Croatia (CRO)0011
  Georgia (GEO)0011
  Guyana (GUY)0011
  Lithuania (LTU)0011
  Mauritius (MRI)0011
  Niger (NIG)0011
  Pakistan (PAK)0011
  Syria (SYR)0011
  Tajikistan (TJK)0011
  Uruguay (URU)0011
  Zambia (ZAM)0011
Totals (81 entries)265265466996

Nations edit

Nation 96 00 04 08 12 20 24 28 32 36 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 00 04 08 12 16 20 Years
  Afghanistan (AFG)       3 1 1 3
  Algeria (ALG)       2 1 2 7 6 8 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 13
  American Samoa (ASA)       2 2 1 3
  Andorra (AND)       1 1
  Angola (ANG)       3 3 1 3
  Antigua and Barbuda (ANT)       2 1 2
  Argentina (ARG)       1 10 8 8 8 8 10 10 10 10 8 5 3 6 4 3 5 7 1 1 2 6 4 23
  Armenia (ARM)       4 3 1 4 1 5 3 7
  Aruba (ARU)       2 1
  Australasia (ANZ)     1   1
  Australia (AUS)       3 3 7 5 9 10 10 4 4 4 2 5 4 6 8 9 9 9 11 3 5 21
  Austria (AUT)       3 1 6 5 4 1 5 3 2 1 2 1 2 1 14
  Azerbaijan (AZE)       2 5 9 2 8 11 5 7
  Bahamas (BAH)       2 3 1 1 1 5
  Barbados (BAR)       2 2 2 2 1 5
  Belarus (BLR)       5 1 6 4 3 3 4 7
  Belgium (BEL)       13 10 6 8 8 5 1 4 1 1 10
  Belize (BIZ)       1 1
  Benin (BEN)       2 7 3 1 4
  Bermuda (BER)       1 2 1 3
  Bolivia (BOL)       1 1
  Botswana (BOT)       2 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 8
  Brazil (BRA)       3 6 2 5 3 2 2 4 4 3 4 6 6 5 6 10 9 7 18
  Bulgaria (BUL)       4 2 6 6 9 9 11 11 11 7 6 3 5 2 4 3 3 17
  Burkina Faso (BUR)       2 1 1 1 4
  Cambodia (CAM)       4 1 3 3
  Cameroon (CMR)       4 3 4 6 4 4 2 3 3 5 4 11
  Canada (CAN)       8 9 7 7 4 7 7 6 4 4 4 5 9 10 10 10 11 7 5 1 3 3 5 23
  Cape Verde (CPV)       1 1 1 3
  Central African Republic (CAF)       2 2 1 1 4
  Chad (CHA)       1 1
  Chile (CHI)       4 4 4 5 3 3 4 6 3 1 1 11
  China (CHN)       2 4 3 3 6 10 9 11 6 9
  Chinese Taipei (TPE)       1 2 7 3 1 2 2 1 2 4 10
  Colombia (COL)       7 5 5 2 3 4 3 5 5 3 5 6 12
  Republic of the Congo (CGO)       3 1
  Cook Islands (COK)       3 1
  Costa Rica (CRC)       2 1 2
  Ivory Coast (CIV)       3 3 2 3
  Croatia (CRO)       1 1 2 2 2 2 6
  Cuba (CUB)       1 6 11 11 11 11 12 12 12 11 10 8 10 7 14
  Czechoslovakia (TCH)       3 8 5 5 5 3 5 5 2 3 3 4 12
  Czech Republic (CZE)       4 2 1 3
  Denmark (DEN)     2   12 8 6 2 8 6 5 3 5 4 2 3 3 3 5 4 2 1 19
  Dominican Republic (DOM)       2 6 1 6 5 6 6 3 5 6 3 2 7 13
  Democratic Republic of the Congo (COD)       6 5 1 1 1 4 6
  East Germany (GDR)       8 8 8 10 11 5
  Ecuador (ECU)       2 1 3 1 2 1 3 7 4 4 10
  Egypt (EGY)       1 4 5 7 8 5 6 3 6 4 3 4 7 6 3 5 4 2 18
  El Salvador (ESA)       2 1 2
  Estonia (EST)       1 1 2 3
  Swaziland (SWZ)       3 2 1 1 1 1 6
  Ethiopia (ETH)       3 4 6 8 2 2 2 7
  Federated States of Micronesia (FSM)       1 1
  Fiji (FIJ)       2 2 1 3
  Finland (FIN)       3 2 6 6 10 3 7 5 5 4 5 5 5 3 1 1 1 1 18
  France (FRA)     7   15 16 8 6 6 8 10 6 8 4 6 6 6 2 4 4 5 7 8 6 9 5 11 6 25
  Gabon (GAB)       1 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 8
  The Gambia (GAM)       1 1
  Georgia (GEO)       5 2 2 2 3 5
  Germany (GER)       8 8 8 10 12 8 8 4 4 4 6 3 12
  Ghana (GHA)       6 7 7 6 6 4 5 2 4 6 3 1 3 13
  Great Britain (GBR)     32   16 16 8 3 8 8 10 7 10 8 9 9 7 9 12 8 10 2 2 1 7 10 12 11 25
  Greece (GRE)       1 2 1 2 3 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 6 2 14
  Grenada (GRN)       4 4 1 3
  Guam (GUM)       1 1
  Guatemala (GUA)       2 1 1 2 1 5
  Guinea (GUI)       3 2 1 1 4
  Guyana (GUY)       1 2 2 4 3 3 2 1 1 9
  Haiti (HAI)       3 1 1 1 1 5
  Honduras (HON)       2 2 1 1 4
  Hong Kong (HKG)       2 1
  Hungary (HUN)       1 4 2 6 6 9 2 6 5 6 6 8 9 9 8 5 3 5 5 3 2 1 22
  India (IND)       7 4 3 2 3 2 3 5 3 4 4 5 8 3 9 15
  Independent Olympic Athletes (IOA)       1 1
  Indonesia (INA)       3 2 2 3 2 2 4 2 1 9
  Iran (IRI)       8 6 4 5 5 6 5 4 3 1 3 4 1 2 14
  Iraq (IRQ)       2 2 7 3 3 2 1 1 1 9
  Ireland (IRL)       7 8 4 8 8 7 10 5 6 6 5 7 6 7 6 4 1 1 5 6 8 7 22
  Israel (ISR)       2 3 1 3
  Italy (ITA)       5 16 7 8 8 8 10 8 10 10 11 8 6 4 7 7 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 4 24
  Jamaica (JAM)       1 2 3 1 3 3 4 2 3 1 10
  Japan (JPN)       2 5 5 2 3 5 9 4 4 6 7 7 4 3 2 1 2 4 2 5 20
  Jordan (JOR)       2 1 2 5 4
  Kazakhstan (KAZ)       8 7 8 10 11 12 9 7
  Kenya (KEN)       5 4 8 10 12 5 5 4 4 2 3 4 11
  Kosovo (KOS)       1 1
  Kuwait (KUW)       3 1
  Kyrgyzstan (KGZ)       3 5 2 1 1 5
  Laos (LAO)       6 2 1 3
  Latvia (LAT)       1 1 1 3
  Lebanon (LIB)       1 1 1 2 1 3 6
  Lesotho (LES)       2 3 2 1 2 5
  Liberia (LBR)       4 1
  Lithuania (LTU)       2 4 1 2 2 3 2 2 8
  Luxembourg (LUX)       6 5 5 4 4 5 6
  Madagascar (MAD)       3 3 2 1 1 1 1 7
  Malaysia (MAS)       2 1 2
  Malawi (MAW)       3 6 7 3
  Mali (MLI)       1 1 1 1 4
  Mauritius (MRI)       1 3 3 1 2 2 2 2 8
  Mexico (MEX)       4 6 4 1 3 3 5 11 8 3 4 6 6 4 8 6 5 3 2 6 3 21
  Moldova (MDA)       2 1 2 2 1 5
  Mongolia (MGL)       9 6 7 7 6 3 1 1 4 4 6 3 12
  Montenegro (MNE)       1 1 2
  Morocco (MAR)       7 2 5 3 5 4 7 7 6 5 7 10 8 10 7 15
  Mozambique (MOZ)       3 1 1 2 4
  Myanmar (MYA)       2 3 4 3 3 2 2 1 8
  Namibia (NAM)       1 2 1 2 3 2 2 1 8
  Nepal (NEP)       4 3 3 5 4
  Netherlands (NED)       8 9 6 8 6 5 3 4 2 2 2 2 5 3 2 15
  New Zealand (NZL)       1 2 3 3 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 1 1 2 1 16
  Nicaragua (NCA)       3 2 1 2 3 2 1 7
  Niger (NIG)       1 2 4 2 3 1 6
  Nigeria (NGR)       4 4 5 6 8 6 7 9 4 5 7 4 3 1 14
  North Korea (PRK)       2 3 6 6 2 1 2 1 2 9
  Norway (NOR)       14 9 5 6 4 4 2 1 4 3 1 1 12
  Oman (OMA)       2 1
  Pakistan (PAK)       3 4 6 4 4 2 2 4 2 4 4 4 5 13
  Panama (PAN)       1 2 1 1 1 5
  Papua New Guinea (PNG)       2 2 5 4 1 1 1 7
  Paraguay (PAR)       2 2 2
  Peru (PER)       3 2 2 1 2 5
  Philippines (PHI)       4 5 5 5 5 1 6 5 4 3 3 6 6 5 4 4 1 1 2 4 23
  Poland (POL)       5 4 7 6 10 9 10 10 11 11 11 11 7 8 4 5 3 2 1 2 4 21
  Portugal (POR)       1 1
  Puerto Rico (PUR)       3 3 1 6 6 10 3 11 10 8 7 5 5 5 5 1 1 17
  Qatar (QAT)       2 1
  Refugee Olympic Team (EOR)       2 1
  Republic of China (ROC)       2 1
  Rhodesia (RHO)       2 4 1 3
  Romania (ROU)       4 10 4 9 9 9 11 11 11 6 2 5 6 10 3 2 2 1 2 19
  Russia (RUS)       9 12 11 11 10 11 11 6
  Saar (SAA)       3 1
  Samoa (SAM)       4 7 3 2 1 1 2 8
  Senegal (SEN)       4 1 1 3
  Serbia (SRB)       1 1 2
  Serbia and Montenegro (SCG)       1 1
  Seychelles (SEY)       2 4 2 3 1 1 1 7
  Sierra Leone (SLE)       1 2 2 2 1 1 6
  Singapore (SIN)       1 1
  Slovakia (SVK)       2 1 2
  Somalia (SOM)       1 1
  South Africa (RSA)       7 4 6 5 6 8 8 7 8 2 5 3 3 1 2 15
  South Korea (KOR)       3 4 5 6 8 7 6 6 9 12 11 9 9 7 5 2 2 17
  South Yemen (YMD)       2 1
  Solomon Islands (SOL)       1 1
  Soviet Union (URS)       10 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 12 9
  Spain (ESP)       7 6 8 8 4 6 5 5 4 5 7 1 1 1 2 2 4 17
  Sri Lanka (SRI)       4 2 2 2 2 1 1 7
  Sudan (SUD)       3 3 5 4 5 5
  Sweden (SWE)       5 8 3 4 4 7 3 2 2 2 3 6 6 6 3 6 1 2 3 1 2 21
  Switzerland (SUI)       1 7 8 4 6 6 2 1 3 9
  Syria (SYR)       8 2 3 2 2 1 1 7
  Tajikistan (TJK)       1 1 3 4 1 3 6
  Tanzania (TAN)       1 8 9 6 4 5 2 1 8
  Thailand (THA)       5 4 5 3 7 5 5 6 6 6 9 6 8 3 4 5 16
  Togo (TOG)       2 3 3 3
  Tonga (TGA)       7 3 2 1 4
  Trinidad and Tobago (TRI)       2 1 1 1 1 5
  Tunisia (TUN)       5 2 4 3 1 3 3 4 5 5 5 5 2 2 14
  Turkey (TUR)       6 7 3 6 4 1 8 9 7 5 6 6 6 13
  Turkmenistan (TKM)       1 2 1 2 1 5
  Uganda (UGA)       6 5 8 8 7 11 9 3 2 4 5 1 2 3 14
  Ukraine (UKR)       7 11 6 7 7 5 5 7
  Unified Team (EUN)       12 1
  United Team of Germany (EUA)       8 10 10 3
  United Arab Republic (UAR)       4 1
  United States (USA)     18   16 16 8 8 8 8 10 8 10 10 11 11 11 12 11 12 12 12 9 8 12 8 10 24
  Uruguay (URU)       5 7 8 2 3 1 4 1 1 1 2 2 12
  Uzbekistan (UZB)       7 10 9 7 6 11 11 7
  Vanuatu (VAN)       1 1 2
  Venezuela (VEN)       5 2 3 4 7 10 9 3 6 3 2 4 7 6 3 8 4 17
  Vietnam (VIE)       2 2 2 3
  Virgin Islands (ISV)       1 2 1 2 1 2 1 7
  West Germany (FRG)       8 9 6 8 6 5
  Yugoslavia (YUG)       3 4 5 3 7 9 7 7 8
  Zambia (ZAM)       2 4 4 8 9 7 4 4 2 2 3 1 1 3 14
  Zimbabwe (ZIM)       3 3 2 3
No. of nations - - 1 4 - 12 27 29 18 31 39 43 34 54 56 65 80 54 51 81 106 78 97 75 72 77 77 74 81
No. of boxers - - 18 42 - 116 181 144 85 179 205 249 161 281 269 307 354 266 271 354 432 336 355 307 280 283 283 286 289
Year 96 00 04 08 12 20 24 28 32 36 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 00 04 08 12 16 20

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Boxers were allowed to compete in multiple weight classes in 1904, as long as they were not over the maximum weight for each class.
  2. ^ a b The division between Bantamweight and Featherweight was moved from 118 lb to 119 lb for 1932–1936.

References edit

  1. ^ a b Douglas, Steve (27 July 2020). "3 sporting trailblazers light up Stockholm Olympics in 1912". AP News. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
  2. ^ a b "When did women first compete in the Olympic Games?". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
  3. ^ "Boxing 101: Olympic history". NBC Olympics. NBC. 11 March 2021. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
  4. ^ Ansari, Aarish (1 August 2021). "Explained: Two bronze medals are awarded in the Olympics boxing competition". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
  5. ^ Bradford, Brendan (6 August 2021). "Two bronze medals: Why are there no bronze medal boxing matches at the Olympics?". The Sporting News. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
  6. ^ "Top professional boxers to be eligible for Rio Olympics under Aiba plan". The Guardian. 25 February 2016. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
  7. ^ a b "Changes of rules move Olympic Boxing closer to its professional counterpart and split opinions". Rio 2016. 1 November 2013. Archived from the original on 16 December 2015. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  8. ^ "Olympic boxing drops head guards". ESPN. 23 March 2013. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  9. ^ "(Male) Olympic Boxers Will No Longer Wear Ridiculous and Dangerous Headgear - FIGHTLAND".
  10. ^ "PROGRAMME OF THE GAMES OF THE XXIX OLYMPIAD, BEIJING 2008" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-08-20. Retrieved 2006-08-10.
  11. ^ "Technical & Competition Rules" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-08-08. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
  12. ^ "Qualification System Games of the XXXII Olympiad Tokyo 2020 Boxing". Archived from the original on 2019-07-16. Retrieved 2019-07-16.
  13. ^ "Olympic Analytics - Medals by Countries". olympanalyt.com. Retrieved 2022-01-31.