Summary
Charles Macintosh FRS (29 December 1766 – 25 July 1843) was a Scottish chemist and the inventor of the modern waterproof raincoat.[1] The Mackintosh raincoat (the variant spelling is now standard) is named after him.
Charles Macintosh | |
|---|---|
 Portrait of Macintosh by John Graham-Gilbert | |
| Born | 29 December 1766 Glasgow, Scotland |
| Died | 25 July 1843 (aged 76) Glasgow, Scotland |
| Nationality | British |
| Alma mater | University of Edinburgh |
| Occupation | Engineer |
| Engineering career | |
| Significant advance | Invented the waterproof raincoat in 1824 |
Biography edit
Macintosh was born in Glasgow, Scotland, the son of George Macintosh and Mary Moore, and was first employed as a clerk. Charles devoted his spare time to science, particularly chemistry, and before he was 20 resigned his clerkship to study under Joseph Black at the University of Edinburgh,[2] and to take up the manufacture of chemicals. In this he was highly successful and invented various new processes. His experiments with naphtha led to his invention of waterproof rubberized fabric; the essence of his patent was the cementing of two thicknesses of cloth together with natural rubber. The rubber is made soluble by the action of the naphtha.[3] The naphtha was prepared by distillation of coal tar, with the Bonnington Chemical Works being a major supplier.[4]
Macintosh married Mary Fisher in 1790, daughter of Alexander Fisher, a Glasgow merchant. They had one son, George Macintosh (1791–1848). In 1823, he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society for his chemical discoveries. In 1828, he became a partner with James Beaumont Neilson in a firm to exploit the latter's patent for the hot blast blowing of blast furnaces, which saved considerably on their fuel consumption.[5]
Charles died in 1843 and was buried in the Glasgow Cathedral graveyard.[6] He is buried with his parents in the ground of his great grandfather, John Anderson of Douhill, Lord Provost of Glasgow. His name is added to the 17th century monument which stands against the eastern boundary wall. A late 19th century secondary memorial also exists, in polished red granite, slightly to the north, where Charles is again mentioned on the grave of his son, George.
Legacy edit
On 29 December 2016, the search engine Google marked the 250th anniversary of the birth of the inventor of the waterproof raincoat with a Google doodle of Macintosh in the rain.[7][8]
References edit
- ^ Ellis, Ian. "Charles Macintosh Biography". todayinsci.com. Retrieved 29 December 2016.
- ^ "Charles Macintosh: Biography on Undiscovered Scotland".
- ^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Macintosh, Charles". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 250.
- ^ Ronalds, B.F. (2019). "Bonnington Chemical Works (1822-1878): Pioneer Coal Tar Company". International Journal for the History of Engineering & Technology. 89 (1–2): 73–91. doi:10.1080/17581206.2020.1787807. S2CID 221115202.
- ^ "Neilson, James Beaumont (1792–1865)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/19866. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ Lee, Sidney, ed. (1893). . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 35. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 113.
- ^ "Charles Macintosh: Chemist who invented the world-famous waterproof raincoat". The Independent. 30 December 2016.
- ^ "From Charles Mackintosh's waterproof to Dolly the sheep: 43 innovations Scotland has given the world". The independent. 30 December 2016.
Further reading edit
- Macintosh, G. (1847). Biographical Memoir of the Late Charles Macintosh. W.G. Blackie & Company. p. 152.
Charles Macintosh.
- Prosser, R. B.; Morson, Geoffrey V. (2004). "Macintosh, Charles (1766–1843)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/17541. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
External links edit
- "Charles Macintosh". Science on the Streets. University of Strathclyde.
- Charles Rennie Macintosh Society