The Imperial Chinese Navy invested heavily in torpedo boats towards the end of the 19th century, with some 43 listed at the time of the First Sino-Japanese War.^[1] These have subsequently been organised into alphabetical classes, with Fulong being the sole boat of the Type H class,^[2] and the largest boat ordered so far.^[3] She was built by Schichau at their shipyard in Elbing, Germany. Fulong measured 144.3 feet (44.0 m) long overall, with a beam of 16.5 feet (5.0 m) and an average draft of 5 feet (1.5 m) which increased to 7.2 feet (2.2 m) at full load.^[2] The hull was constructed out of steel, with the ship equipped with a single funnel and two conning towers.^[4]

Her main armament was three 14-inch (360 mm) torpedo tubes. Two of them were located in torpedo rooms on both sides of the bows. The third one was on the truck which was located on the stern.^[2] There were Schwartzkopff torpedoes in store.^[4] Sources conflict as to whether a third tube was present, but reports of three torpedoes being fired in rapid succession at the Battle of Weihaiwei indicates that a third tube was present.^[3] There was a secondary armament of two 37 millimetres (1.5 in) guns.^[2] Fulong had a complement of 20 officers and men. She had a coal-fired reciprocating engine, with a single boiler and shaft. This produced 1,597 indicated horsepower (1,191 kW), which enabled the vessel to reach a speed of 24.2 knots (44.8 km/h; 27.8 mph).^[4]

Chinese service edit

She left for China in June 1886, sailing from Germany to Fuzhou, China, under her own power and was assigned to the Beiyang Fleet.^[3] Fulong was involved in two battles of the First Sino-Japanese War. At the Battle of the Yalu River on 17 September 1894, Fulong arrived as part of a relief force for the Chinese forces, alongside the gunboats Pingyuan and Guangbing, and fellow torpedo boat Zuo 1. They approached to the north of the engaged Chinese and Japanese fleets, preventing a flying wing of Japanese ships from encircling the opposition fleet. The group remained together, with the Japanese forces attempting to avoid them, instead targeting the ships of the main force.^[5]

The group engaged the rear of the Japanese fleet, with Fulong firing three torpedoes at the converted merchantman Saikyo Maru, including one which passed under the ship. Saikyo Maru was carrying the Chief of Navy General Staff, Vice Admiral Kabayama Sukenori. After several hours of battle, with dusk approaching, the Japanese fleet turned their main attention to Pingyuan and her escorts, but as darkness fell, the Japanese withdrew due to the risk of torpedo attack from Fulong and Zuo 1 with no torpedo boats of their own able to act in defence. The combined Chinese fleet sailed into Port Arthur to assess the damage inflicted.^[6]

At the start of the following year,^[7] Fulong under the command of Captain Zai Tingan,^[8] was among several ships at Weihai in the Battle of Weihaiwei. The Chinese fleet was blockaded in the harbour by the Japanese Combined Fleet, with night time raids by Japanese torpedo boats sinking and damaging Chinese vessels.^[7] No retaliatory attacks were ordered using the several Chinese torpedo boats in the harbour,^[9] and their first involvement in the battle was when they attempted to flee en masse through the Japanese blockade on 7 February.^[9][8]

Several were sunk or captured with a total of 13 torpedo boats lost by China in this single engagement;^[8][1] Fulong is thought to have been one of two boats which were pursued by the Japanese cruisers Yoshino and Takachicho.^[9] It managed to beach itself at Yantai, with the crew abandoning ship.^[10] Fulong was captured and towed by to the Japanese fleet by one of their torpedo boats during the following day.^[9] It remains in doubt whether the Chinese torpedo boats were ordered to flee by Admiral Ding Ruchang, the commanding officer of the ships at Weihaiwei. A memorial following the battle stated that those on the torpedo boats had run away from battle, and if any members of their crews were found, they should be summary decapitated. However, this command must not have been fully carried out, since Captain Zai was promoted several years later to Vice-Admiral.^[8]

Japanese service edit

Fulong was renamed Fukuryū in Japanese service,^[11] and was one of several vessels captured during the First Sino-Japanese War inducted into the Imperial Japanese Navy.^[12] Prior to the Russo-Japanese War, she was included in the fifth torpedo boat division alongside three numbered boats.^[13] She was stricken from the Navy List in 1908, and subsequently broken up.^[11]

• Chesneau, Roger & Kolesnik, Eugene M., eds. (1979). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905. Greenwich, UK: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-8317-0302-4.
• Jentschura, Hansgeorg; Jung, Dieter & Mickel, Peter (1977). Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute. ISBN 0-87021-893-X.
• Lengerer, Hans (2017). "Torpedo Boats of the Imperial Japanese Navy, Part III". Warship International. LIV (4): 293–306. ISSN 0043-0374.
• Stille, Mark (2016). The Imperial Japanese Navy of the Russo-Japanese War. London: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-47281-121-9.
• Wright, Richard N.J. (2000). The Chinese Steam Navy. London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 978-1-86176-144-6.
• Wright, Richard N. J. (2013). "The Chinese Peiyang and Kwantung Torpedo Boats Built 1882–1887 and the Torpedo Boat at Boyd's Yard, Shanghai 1885". Warship International. L (1): 65–73. ISSN 0043-0374.