Choreutidae Knowpia

Choreutidae
	Nettle-tap moth
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Lepidoptera
Infraorder:	Heteroneura
Clade:	Eulepidoptera
Clade:	Ditrysia
Clade:	Apoditrysia
Superfamily:	Choreutoidea; Stainton, 1858
Family:	Choreutidae; Stainton, 1858
Subfamilies and genera
	Brenthiinae; Brenthia Clemens, 1860 =Microaethia Chambers, 1878; ; Litobrenthia Diakonoff 1978; Choreutinae; Alasea Rota, 2008; Anthophila Haworth [1811]; Asterivora Dugdale, 1979; Caloreas Heppner, 1977; Choreutis Hübner [1825] =Choreutidia Sauber, 1902; =Hemerophila Fernald, 1900; =Allononyma Busck, 1904; =Macropia Costa, 1836; ; Hemerophila Hübner [1817]; ?Melanoxena Dognin, 1910; Niveas Rota, 2013; Ornarantia Rota & Wahlberg, 2012; Peotyle Diakonoff, 1978; Prochoreutis Heppner, 1981; Rhobonda Walker, 1863; Saptha Walker, 1864 =Badera Walker, 1866; =Chordates Snellen, 1877; ; Tebenna Billberg, 1820 =Porpe Hübner, 1825; ; Trichocirca Meyrick, 1920; Telosphrantis Meyrick, 1932; Tortyra Walker, 1863 =Choregia Zeller, 1877; =Walsinghamia Riley, 1889; ; Zodia Heppner, 1879;
Diversity
	402 species

Choreutidae, or metalmark moths, are a family of insects in the lepidopteran order whose relationships have been long disputed. It was placed previously in the superfamily Yponomeutoidea in family Glyphipterigidae and in superfamily Sesioidea. It is now considered to represent its own superfamily (Minet, 1986). The relationship of the family to the other lineages in the group "Apoditrysia" need a new assessment, especially with new molecular data.

Distribution edit

The moths occur worldwide, with 19 genera in three subfamilies defined by the structural characteristics of the immature stages (larvae and pupae), rather than the characters of the adults (Heppner and Duckworth, 1981; Rota, 2005).

Behaviour edit

These small moths often bear metallic scales^[1] and are mostly day-flying (some also come to lights), with a jerky, pivoting behaviour, and may fluff up their wings at an extreme angle. Some tropical exemplars such as the genus Saptha are quite spectacular, with bright green metallic bands.^[2] The members of the genus Brenthia, usually placed in their own subfamily Brenthiinae, have eyespots on the wings and have been shown to mimic jumping spiders (Rota and Wagner, 2006).

Larval hostplants edit

Most species skeletonize leaves often among silken webbing.^[3] The foodplants of many Choreutinae occurring in the temperate region and some tropical species are known ^[4] being dominated by Asteraceae, Betulaceae, Boraginaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Fabaceae, Labiatae, Moraceae (mainly Ficus), Rosaceae, Sapindaceae and Urticaceae. The European nettle-tap moth (Anthophila fabriciana Linnaeus, 1767), ^{[nb 1]}is a familiar sight pirouetting around "stinging nettles" Urtica and nearby flowers while Choreutis pariana ^[5] skeletonizes apple leaves. The last genus has 85 species worldwide one of which, C. tigroides, is a pest of "jackfruit" (Artocarpus) (Dugdale et al., 1999).

Notes edit

^ illustrated here

References edit

^ "choreutid genera". The University of Connecticut Ecology and Evolutionary Biology. Archived from the original on 18 February 2007. Retrieved 13 March 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ "Australian Moths Online :: Saptha libanota :: 1". Australian Moths Online. 15 September 2007. Archived from the original on 15 September 2007. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
^ Prochoreutis myllerana - UKMoths
^ "HOSTS - a Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants". Natural History Museum. Archived from the original on 31 May 2012.
^ "Apple Leaf Skeletonizer Choreutis pariana". UKMoths. Archived from the original on 27 July 2012.

Sources edit

O'Toole, Christopher, ed. (2002). Firefly Encyclopedia of Insects and Spiders. ISBN 1-55297-612-2.
Dugdale, J.S., Kristensen, N.P., Robinson, G.S. and Scoble, M.J. (1999) [1998]. The smaller microlepidoptera grade superfamilies, Ch.13., pp. 217–232 in Kristensen, N.P. (Ed.). Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies. Volume 1: Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography. Handbuch der Zoologie. Eine Naturgeschichte der Stämme des Tierreiches / Handbook of Zoology. A Natural History of the phyla of the Animal Kingdom. Band / Volume IV Arthropoda: Insecta Teilband / Part 35: 491 pp. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York.
Heppner, J. B.; Duckworth, W. D. (1981). "Classification of the superfamily Sesioidea (Lepidoptera: Ditrysia)". Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. 314 (314): 1–144. doi:10.5479/si.00810282.314.
Minet, J. (1986). "Ébauche d'une classification moderne de l'ordre des Lépidoptères". Alexanor (in French). 14 (7): 291–313.
Rota, J. (2005). "Larval and Pupal Descriptions of the Neotropical Choreutid Genera Rhobonda Walker and Zodia Heppner (Lepidoptera: Choreutidae)". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 98 (1) (published 1 January 2005): 37–47. doi:10.1603/0013-8746(2005)098[0037:LAPDOT]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 86311824.
Rota, J.; Wagner, D.L. (2006). "Predator Mimicry: Metalmark Moths Mimic Their Jumping Spider Predators". PLOS ONE. 1 (1) (published 20 December 2006): e45. Bibcode:2006PLoSO...1...45R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000045. PMC 1762363. PMID 17183674.