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Chvorinov's rule

## Summary

Chvorinov's rule is an applied physics relationship first expressed by Czech engineer Nicolas Chvorinov in 1940,[1][2] that relates the solidification time for a simple casting to the volume and surface area of the casting. In simple terms the rule establishes that under otherwise identical conditions, the casting with large surface area and small volume will cool more rapidly than a casting with small surface area and a large volume. The relationship can be written as:[3]

${\displaystyle t=B\left({\frac {V}{A}}\right)^{n},}$

where t is the solidification time, V is the volume of the casting, A is the surface area of the casting that contacts the mold, n is a constant, and B is the mold constant. The ratio of the casting's volume to its surface area is the modulus M:

${\displaystyle M=\left({\frac {V}{A}}\right).}$

The mold constant B depends on the properties of the metal, such as density, heat capacity, heat of fusion and superheat, and the mold, such as initial temperature, density, thermal conductivity, heat capacity and wall thickness. The S.I. units of the mold constant B are s/m2.[4] According to Askeland, the constant n is usually 2, however Degarmo claims it is between 1.5 and 2.[3][5] The mold constant of Chvorinov's rule, B, can be calculated using the following formula:

${\displaystyle B=\left[{\frac {\rho _{m}L}{\left(T_{m}-T_{o}\right)}}\right]^{2}\left[{\frac {\pi }{4k\rho c}}\right]\left[1+\left({\frac {c_{m}\Delta T_{s}}{L}}\right)^{2}\right],}$

where

Tm = melting or freezing temperature of the liquid (in kelvins),
To = initial temperature of the mold (in kelvins),
ΔTs = TpourTm = superheat (in kelvins),
L = latent heat of fusion (in [J·kg−1]),
k = thermal conductivity of the mold (in [W·m−1·K−1)]),
ρ = density of the mold (in [kg·m−3]),
c = specific heat of the mold (in [J·kg−1·K−1]),
ρm = density of the metal (in [kg·m−3]),
cm = specific heat of the metal (in [J·kg−1·K−1]).

It is most useful in determining if a riser will solidify before the casting, because if the riser solidifies first then defects like shrinkage or porosity can form.[5][6]

## References

1. ^ Chvorinov, Nicolas (1940). "Theorie der Erstarrung von Gussstücken" [Theory of the Solidification of Castings]. Giesserei (in German). 27 (10–12): 177–186, 201–208, 222–225.
2. ^ Tiryakioglu, M.; Tiryakioglu, E.; Askeland, D. R. "Statistical Investigation of the Effects of Shape, Size and Superheat on Solidification Times of Castings". AFS Transactions: 907–913.
3. ^ a b Askeland, Donald R.; Phule, Pradeep P. (2004), Essentials of Materials Science and Engineering, Ontario, Canada: Thomson
4. ^ Groover, Mikell P. (2010). Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing: Materials, Processes, and Systems. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 223.
5. ^ a b Degarmo, E. Paul; Black, J. T.; Kohser, Ronald A. (2003), Materials and Processes in Manufacturing (9th ed.), Wiley, p. 282, ISBN 0-471-65653-4
6. ^ "Casting Analysis - 2. Solidification and cooling. Surface tension. Gas solubility and porosity" (PDF). Georgia Institute of Technology. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 January 2015. Retrieved 14 January 2015.