Summary
Climax species, also called late seral, late-successional, K-selected or equilibrium species, are plant species that can germinate and grow with limited resources; e.g., they need heat exposure or low water availability.[1] They are the species within forest succession that are more adapted to stable and predictable environments, and will remain essentially unchanged in terms of species composition for as long as a site remains undisturbed.[2]
The seedlings of climax species can grow in the shade of the parent trees, ensuring their dominance indefinitely. The presence of climax species can also reduce the prevalence of other species within an ecosystem.[3] However, a disturbance, such as fire, may kill the climax species, allowing pioneer or earlier successional species to re-establish for a time.[4] They are the opposite of pioneer species, also known as ruderal, fugitive, opportunistic or R-selected species, in the sense that climax species are good competitors but poor colonizers, whereas pioneer species are good colonizers but poor competitors.[5]
Given the prevailing ecological conditions, climax species dominate the climax community. When the pace of succession slows down as the result of ecological homeostasis, the maximum permitted biodiversity is reached.[6] Their reproductive strategies and other adaptive characteristics can be considered more sophisticated than those of opportunistic species.[7]
Through negative feedback, they adapt themselves to specific environmental conditions. Climax species are mostly found in forests. Climax species, closely controlled by carrying capacity, follow K strategies, wherein species produce fewer numbers of potential offspring, but invest more heavily in securing the reproductive success of each one to the micro-environmental conditions of its specific ecological niche. Climax species might be iteroparous, energy consumption efficient and nutrient cycling.[8]
Disputed term edit
The idea of a climax species has been criticized in recent ecological literature.[9] Any assessment of successional states depends on assumptions about the natural fire regime. But the idea of a dominant species is still widely used in silvicultural programs and California Department of Forestry literature.[citation needed]
Examples edit
White spruce (Picea glauca) is an example of a climax species in the northern forests of North America due to its ability to adapt to resource scarce, stable conditions, it dominates Northern forest ecosystem in the absence of a disturbance.[10]
Other examples of climax species in old-growth forests:
See also edit
References edit
- ^ Shimano K (2000-02-01). "A power function for forest structure and regeneration pattern of pioneer and climax species in patch mosaic forests". Plant Ecology. 146 (2): 205–218. doi:10.1023/A:1009867302660. ISSN 1573-5052. S2CID 275790.
- ^ Wehenkel C, Bergmann F, Gregorius HR (2006-07-01). "Is there a trade-off between species diversity and genetic diversity in forest tree communities?". Plant Ecology. 185 (1): 151–161. doi:10.1007/s11258-005-9091-2. S2CID 20085178.
- ^ Do HT, Grant JC, Zimmer HC, Trinh BN, Nichols JD (2020-05-29). "Site conditions for regeneration of climax species, the key for restoring moist deciduous tropical forest in Southern Vietnam". PLOS ONE. 15 (5): e0233524. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1533524D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0233524. PMC 7259571. PMID 32469962.
- ^ Wehenkel C, Bergmann F, Gregorius HR (2006-07-01). "Is there a trade-off between species diversity and genetic diversity in forest tree communities?". Plant Ecology. 185 (1): 151–161. doi:10.1007/s11258-005-9091-2. ISSN 1573-5052. S2CID 20085178.
- ^ Brown S, Dockery J, Pernarowski M (March 2005). "Traveling wave solutions of a reaction diffusion model for competing pioneer and climax species". Mathematical Biosciences. 194 (1): 21–36. doi:10.1016/j.mbs.2004.10.001. PMID 15836862.
- ^ Ernest SK (January 2008). "Homeostasis". In Jørgensen SE, Fath BD (eds.). Encyclopedia of Ecology. Oxford: Academic Press. pp. 1879–1884. doi:10.1016/b978-008045405-4.00507-3. ISBN 978-0-08-045405-4.
- ^ Shimano K (2000-02-01). "A power function for forest structure and regeneration pattern of pioneer and climax species in patch mosaic forests". Plant Ecology. 146 (2): 205–218. doi:10.1023/A:1009867302660. ISSN 1573-5052. S2CID 275790.
- ^ McShaffrey D. "Relationships Among Species". Marietta College. Archived from the original on 16 June 2009.
- ^ Results, Analysis of Timberland Owned by San Jose Water Company Archived 2013-06-17 at the Wayback Machine 2007-04-27
- ^ "Picea glauca". www.fs.fed.us. Retrieved 2020-12-03.
Further reading edit
- Selleck GW (October 1960). "The climax concept". The Botanical Review. 26 (4): 534–45. doi:10.1007/BF02940574. S2CID 25696601.
- Drury WH, Nisbet IC (1973). "Succession" (PDF). Journal of the Arnold Arboretum. 54 (3): 331–368. doi:10.5962/p.325716. S2CID 240339706.
- Horn HS (November 1974). "The Ecology of Secondary Succession". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 5 (1): 25–37. doi:10.1146/annurev.es.05.110174.000325.\
- Swaine MD, Whitmore TC (May 1988). "On the definition of ecological species groups in tropical rain forests". Plant Ecology. 75 (1–2). Springer: 81–86. doi:10.1007/BF00044629. S2CID 37620288.
- Buchanan JR (April 2005). "Turing instability in pioneer/climax species interactions". Mathematical Biosciences. 194 (2): 199–216. doi:10.1016/j.mbs.2004.10.010. PMID 15854676.