The closed-loop transfer function is measured at the output. The output signal can be calculated from the closed-loop transfer function and the input signal. Signals may be waveforms, images, or other types of data streams.

An example of a closed-loop transfer function is shown below:

The summing node and the G(s) and H(s) blocks can all be combined into one block, which would have the following transfer function:

${\displaystyle {\dfrac {Y(s)}{X(s)}}={\dfrac {G(s)}{1+G(s)H(s)}}}$ 

${\displaystyle G(s)}$  is called feedforward transfer function, ${\displaystyle H(s)}$  is called feedback transfer function, and their product ${\displaystyle G(s)H(s)}$  is called the open-loop transfer function.

We define an intermediate signal Z (also known as error signal) shown as follows:

Using this figure we write:

${\displaystyle Y(s)=G(s)Z(s)}$ 

${\displaystyle Z(s)=X(s)-H(s)Y(s)}$ 

Now, plug the second equation into the first to eliminate Z(s):

${\displaystyle Y(s)=G(s)[X(s)-H(s)Y(s)]}$ 

Move all the terms with Y(s) to the left hand side, and keep the term with X(s) on the right hand side:

${\displaystyle Y(s)+G(s)H(s)Y(s)=G(s)X(s)}$ 

Therefore,

${\displaystyle Y(s)(1+G(s)H(s))=G(s)X(s)}$ 

${\displaystyle \Rightarrow {\dfrac {Y(s)}{X(s)}}={\dfrac {G(s)}{1+G(s)H(s)}}}$ 

• Federal Standard 1037C
• Open-loop controller
• Control theory § Open-loop and closed-loop (feedback) control

•   This article incorporates public domain material from Federal Standard 1037C. General Services Administration. Archived from the original on 2022-01-22.