Canada exports both the higher and lower grades of coal—metallurgical coal and thermal coal.^[8] According to a February 2015 Natural Resources Canada report, in 2013, "Canadian coal exports totalled $5.5 billion."^[8] Ninety-three percent of coal exports were the higher-grade coking coal.^[8] In 2013 there were only two coal mines in Canada producing the lower grade thermal coal for export—Westmoreland Coal Company's Coal Valley and Hillsborough Resources Limited's Quinsam mine.^[8] A third thermal coal for export mining project—the Vista Coal Project in northern Alberta—had received regulatory approval in the 1980s, and again in 2014, but the price of thermal coal had dropped dramatically from 2011 to 2014 and the project stalled. The project was revived in 2015 when American billionaire coal investor purchased Vista. Thermal coal was exported from Vista in 2019.^[8]

For several years, coal production decreased as provincial and federal governments sought to phase out its use in favor of renewable energy in order to combat global warming.^[7][9]

By 2018, there was an increase global coal prices and improvements in thermal coal mining, which led to an increase in coal mining activity.^[10] Most of Canada's coal reserves are located in Alberta.^[11]

In 2010, Canada ranked 15th in the world in coal production, with a total production of 67.9 million tonnes.^[11]

Coal was first mined in Canada in 1639 when the first mine was opened in Grand Lake, New Brunswick. First Nations would identify deposits, and the mined product would be used for tasks such as burning and trading. During the New France period, a large mine was built in Cow Bay, Nova Scotia on Cape Breton Island to supply to Louisbourg fortress.^[7][9]

In the late 18th century, industrial mining begun in Canada, which helped propel Canada's industrialization. Infrastructure for its transportation and shipping was built. Cape Breton supplied Boston and other American ports in Coal and had 21 coal mines by 1871, but they were all abandoned in the early 20th century.^[7][9]

In Western Canada, coal was first mined on Vancouver Island in the mid-19th century. The development of the Canadian Pacific railway led to mines being built in towns along its route in Alberta. By 1911, Western Canada was producing most of the country's coal, and Alberta was the country's largest producing province.^[7][9]

Working in Canadian coal mines was very dangerous. Deadly mine disasters occurred in multiple locations, including Hillcrest, Alberta and Springhill, Nova Scotia. Harsh working conditions in Coal mines and coal-powered factories led to the establishment of Canada's trade union movement. Major coal strikes occurred in Cape Breton in the 1920s and Estevan, Saskatchewan in the 1930s.^[7]

Following the Second World War, economic sectors that previously used coal such as domestic heating, industrial energy, and transportation energy started using petroleum. However, Canada's coal production remained relevant due to the exportation of metallurgical coal to Japan. Following the 1970s energy crisis, Canada's coal production grew rapidly as it became more cost-competitive and new export markets emerged in other Asian countries.^[7][9]

In 2016, "mining, processing, and related services from thermal and metallurgical coal contributed an estimated $4 billion to Canada's economy, or roughly 0,2%. of Canada's GDP," according to Natural Resources Canada. NRC reported that about 50 percent of this "GDP contribution came from metallurgical coal" and, in comparison, "clean energy accounted for 1.3% of Canada’s GDP."^[7]

In 2018, coal mining in Alberta accounted for $10 million in royalties for the province, according to Alberta Energy's Coal and Mineral Development Unit's "2018 Year in Review".^[10] In 2018, Alberta's coal production totaled approximately 20 million tonnes. Coal production had reached a peak 2016−approximately 25 million tonnes, representing about $20 million in royalties.^[10]

Coal formations in what is now the province of Alberta, originated approximately 140 and 65 million years ago.^[12] The collision between the two immense plates had pushed up the Rocky Mountains while depressing the North American continent's interior.^[12] New layers of growth crushed and buried layers of peat, shale, and sandstone, compressing them into coal beds.^[12] The oldest coal deposits were pushed closer to the surface about 80 to 55 million years ago, forming part of the Rocky Mountains's foothills and Front Ranges.^[12]

The coal beds that lie under the prairies is an inferior, impure grade, which is not capable of firing blast furnaces essential to steel-making.^[12] The Coalspur Formation in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin in the foothills of southwestern Alberta,^[13] has large quantities of high-quality coal.^[14][15] The Coalspur Formation runs from south of the Wapiti River to the North Saskatchewan River.^[16] The Coalspur coal zone is about 120 metres (390 ft) to 200 metres (660 ft) thick.^[17]

The Siksika —Blackfoot and the Kainai—Blood people, called an area on the banks of the Oldman River the Sik-ooh-kotoki or "place of the black rocks."^[14] This was the site of the first commercial coal mine, opened in 1874 by an entrepreneur from New York City.^[14]

In 1793, Hudson's Bay Company surveyor, Peter Fidler identified a seam of high-quality coal near the Red Deer River.^[14]

In 1882, a large mine became operational, leading to the formation of towns, such as Coalbanks, now known as Lethbridge, then Coaldale, Coalhurst, and Black Diamond.^[14]

In 1976, the Progressive Conservative government under then Premier Peter Lougheed restricted open-pit mines in most of Alberta's Rocky Mountains and Foothills through the Coal Development Policy. Alberta's last open pit mine closed in 1983.^[14]

In 2016, then NDP Premier Rachel Notley announced the elimination of all coal-fired power stations in the province by 2030.^[18]

Coal mines closed in the Crowsnest Pass, Canmore, Nordegg, and Grande Cache, among others.^[12]

By 2020, coal-fired power stations in operation in Alberta included the Battle River, Genesee, H.R. Milner, Keephills, Sheerness, and Sundance stations.

According to Alberta Energy's 2018 ' Review, there was an increase in bituminous coal mining activity following a decrease for several years. In 2018, mining operations have restarted, new greenfield operations began, and new mining projects were proposed.^[10] According to the Review two major factors contributed to the increase in coal mining activity−an increase in global coal prices and recent improvements in thermal coal.^[10]

By 2019, the Grande Cache mine reopened.

In 2019, coal sales reached $5.08 billion US,^[19] making coal the province's "most valuable mined commodity".^[19] About 85% of B.C.'s coal is a higher grade of coal, known as metallurgical coal or coking coal.^[20] It is used to produce good-quality coke. which is essential in blast furnaces used to make steel from iron ore.^[21][22][23] Most coal from British Columbia mines is exported on the international markets through coal ports near Vancouver or Prince Rupert.^[19]

Major coals mine fields in the province include a field in the Kootenay Mountains in southeastern B.C., and Peace coalfields in northeastern B.C.^[19] British Columbia's largest producing coal field is in Elk Valley (British Columbia), which is located in the Kootenay Mountains, about 60 kilometres from the borders of Montana and Alberta. It has had operational coal mines for over a century. By 2020, Teck Resources owned all five coal mines in that region including Elkford Operations, an open-pit mine just west of the Alberta border with British Columbia.^[14]

In 2003, the McGuinty government of Ontario set a goal of closing all coal-fired power stations, to be replaced with healthier and more environmentally-friendly energy sources. As part of the coal phase-out, the provincial government agreed for Bruce Power to refurbish units 1 and 2 of Bruce A of the Bruce Nuclear Generating Station to replace lost generating capacity.^[24] According to a 2014 article, long-term health problems caused by coal made it twice as expensive as wind energy.^[25][26] The OPG Atikokan Generating Station, coal-fired power generation plant, which had been in operation for 27 years, was shut down in 2012. Work on a $170 million biomass conversion project—the first biomass conversion project in Ontario, was undertaken at that time.^[27] It was anticipated that the project would "create 200 construction jobs and help protect existing jobs at the plant" and provide "new economic opportunities for Ontario's forestry sector, which will provide the biomass fuel to the plant".^[27] As part of Ontario's phase out of coal-fired electricity generation, the Thunder Bay Generating Station (TBGS)—the final coal plant in Ontario—stopped burning coal in April 2014.^[28] The TBGS underwent a biomass conversion to run on advanced biomass—wood pellets. It was recommissioned on 9 February 2015.^[28]

In 2016, the Government of Alberta announced the elimination of all coal-fired power stations in the province by 2030.^[18] The Government of New Brunswick made the same announcement the following year.^[29] Also in 2016, the government of Canada announced the goal of phasing out the use of coal-fired power stations across the country in favour of less polluting alternatives for electricity generation by 2030.^[30] In response, companies such as TransAlta and Capital Power began planning the conversion of their coal-fired power stations to burning natural gas.^[31][32]

Only 9 operational coal-fired power stations remain as of January 2022 in Canada.

List of former electrical generating facilities in Canada that were coal fueled. Only facilities that have permanently shut down all of their electricity generating units are included.

Notes edit

• List of coal mines in Canada
• List of coalfields in Canada
• Coal mining in Saskatchewan
• Petroleum industry in Canada