Summary
The Cathars or Albigenses have been identified as Proto-Protestants by people such as Jean Duvernoy and John Foxe[1][2] among others.[3] The debate over the relationship between the Albigenses and Protestants has been a matter of theological interest and controversy in history.[3] The comparison of Protestantism and Albigensianism was mainly important among French Protestants while German Protestants rarely discussed the Cathars.[3] Affiliations with Catharism and Protestantism have been criticized by many historians, and those arguing for an affiliation between Protestants and Cathars have historically relied upon the presupposition that Cathar theology has been misinterpreted by the medieval Catholic church.[3]
John Foxe believed that the Albigenses were similar to reformed theology; he praised the Albigenses as martyrs.[4] Today, the Cathars are still seen as protestant precursors by some Baptists, particularly those who adhere to the theory of Baptist successionism.[5]
Points of Comparison edit
What has appealed to some Protestants about the Albigenses was their rejection of transubstantiation, purgatory, crucifix, prayers for the dead, the invocation of saints and also that the Cathars held to the unique authority of scripture.[3] Cathars also read the Bible in the vernacular languages and rejected most Catholic sacraments.[6] The Cathars also denied infant baptism, as they felt that infants are not able to understand the meaning of baptism.[7]
The Reformation also spread successfully in areas previously inhabited by Cathars; as an example Protestantism was successful in Toulouse, which was also a stronghold of Albigensianism. Jean Carbonnier used this as evidence of Cathars holding reformation ideas; he argued that "people living in Cévennes have held reformation views for several centuries".[3]
Some have also attempted to link the Petrobrusians, who some see as Protestant forerunners and Cathars, due to both groups sharing iconoclasm, credobaptism and the denial of transubstantiation, however such views have been criticized by many historians.[8][9]
Dualism edit
Protestants who have attempted to claim Cathars as their precursors have historically denied any charges of dualism on the Cathars as simply hostile claims.[10] The Cathar views on dualism were against both Roman Catholic and Protestant teachings. Protestant historians such as Jacques Basnage, Mosheim and Shroeck have insisted that the charges of dualism and docetism were not authentic, only hostile claims,[11][12] with such arguments being criticized by Charles Schmidt.[3]
Arguments against Catharic dualism were the following: there were possibly other neo-Manichean dualists in the Middle Ages, but they were not Cathars; that it was a misinterpration of their theology because they denied religious hierarchy set by man or that the accusation of their dualism was merely a hostile false claim. However each argument has been called "unconvincing" by critics of the theory.[3]
See also edit
References edit
- ^ a b Pegg, Mark Gregory (2009-01-10). The Corruption of Angels: The Great Inquisition of 1245-1246. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-2475-5.
- ^ a b Milbank, Alison (2018-10-18). God & the Gothic: Religion, Romance, & Reality in the English Literary Tradition. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-255785-8.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Walther, Daniel (1968-01-01). "Were the Albigenses and Waldenses Forerunners of the Reformation?". Andrews University Seminary Studies (AUSS). 6 (2). ISSN 0003-2980.
- ^ Foxe, John. Foxe's Book of Martyrs.
The Albigenses were a people of the reformed religion, who inhabited the country of Albi. They were condemned on the score of religion, in the council of Lateran, by order of Pope Alexander III. Nevertheless, they increased so prodigiously, that many cities were inhabited by persons only of their persuasion, and several eminent noblemen embraced their doctrines. Among the latter were Raymond earl of Thoulouse, Raymond earl of Foix, the earl of Beziers, &c.
- ^ Hisel, Berlin (2017). Baptist History Notebook. pp. 157–165.
- ^ McGlynn, Sean (2015-06-01). Kill Them All: Cathars and Carnage in the Albigensian Crusade. History Press. ISBN 978-0-7509-5194-4.
- ^ Swiryn, Robert (November 2010). The Secret of the Tarot. Robert Swiryn. ISBN 978-0-615-30438-0.
- ^ History, American Society of Church (1892). Papers of the American Society of Church History. American Society of Church History.
- ^ Kim, Elijah Jong Fil (2012-04-06). The Rise of the Global South: The Decline of Western Christendom and the Rise of Majority World Christianity. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 201. ISBN 978-1-61097-970-2.
Peter bruys became one of the earliest leaders of the Reformation, rejecting images, infant baptism,
- ^ Stoyanov, Yuri (2000-08-11). The Other God: Dualist Religions from Antiquity to the Cathar Heresy. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-19014-4.
- ^ Stojanov, Juri P.; Stoyanov, Yuri (2000-08-11). The Other God: Dualist Religions from Antiquity to the Cathar Heresy. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-08253-1.
- ^ Sennis, Antonio (2016). Cathars in Question. Boydell & Brewer. ISBN 978-1-903153-68-0.