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Comparison of orbital launch systems

Summary

This comparison of orbital launch systems lists the attributes of all individual rocket configurations designed to reach orbit. A first list contains rockets that are currently operational or in development; a second list includes all retired rockets. For the simple list of all conventional launcher families, see: Comparison of orbital launchers families. For the list of predominantly solid-fueled orbital launch systems, see: Comparison of solid-fueled orbital launch systems.

A Falcon Heavy launch vehicle from SpaceX

Spacecraft propulsion[note 1] is any method used to accelerate spacecraft and artificial satellites. A conventional solid rocket or a conventional solid-fuel rocket is a rocket with a motor that uses solid propellants (fuel/oxidizer).[note 2] Orbital launch systems are rockets and other systems capable of placing payloads into or beyond Earth orbit. All current spacecraft use conventional chemical rockets (bipropellant or solid-fuel) for launch, though some[note 3] have used air-breathing engines on their first stage.[note 4]

Current rocketsEdit

Orbits legend:

Vehicle Origin Manufacturer Payload mass to ... (kg) Orbital launches incl. failures[a] Date of flight
LEO GTO Other First Latest
Alpha   United States Firefly Aerospace 1,000[1] 630 to SSO 1 2021 2021
Angara A5   Russia Khrunichev 24,000[2] 7,500 with KVTK
5,400 with Briz-M[2]		 3[3] 2014 2021
Antares 230 / 230+   United States Northrop Grumman 8,200[4] 3,000 to SSO[b] 6[5] 2016 2021
Ariane 5 ECA / ECA+   Europe EADS Astrium 21,000[6] 11,210[7] 79[8] 2002 2021
Rocket 3.2   United States Astra Space 100[9] 150 to SSO 3 2020[9] 2021[10]
Atlas V 401   United States ULA 9,050[11] 4,950 6,670 to SSO 38[11] 2002 2021
Atlas V 411   United States ULA 9,050[11] 6,075 8,495 to SSO 6[11] 2006 2020
Atlas V 421   United States ULAm 9,050[11] 7,000 9,050 to SSO 7[11] 2007 2017
Atlas V 431   United States ULA 9,050[11] 7,800 9,050 to SSO 3[11] 2005 2016
Atlas V 501   United States ULA 8,250[11] 3,970 5,945 to SSO
1,500 to GEO 		6[11] 2010 2020
Atlas V 521   United States ULA 13,300[11] 6,485 9,585 to SSO
2,760 to GEO 		2[11] 2003 2004
Atlas V 531   United States ULA 15,300[11] 7,425 11,160 to SSO
3,250 to GEO 		3[11] 2010 2020
Atlas V 541   United States ULA 17,100[11] 8,240 12,435 to SSO
3,730 to GEO 		7[11] 2011 2020
Atlas V 551   United States ULA 18,500[11] 8,700 13,550 to SSO
3,960 to GEO 		11[11] 2006 2020
Atlas V N22[c]   United States ULA 13,000 2 2019[13] 2022
Ceres-1   China Galactic Energy 350 270 to SSO 2[14] 2020 2021


Delta IV Heavy   United States ULA 28,790[15] 14,220 23,560 to polar
11,290 to TLI
8,000 to TMI 		11[16] 2004 2020
Electron   United States
  New Zealand 		Rocket Lab 300[17] 200 to SSO[17] 26[18] 2017 2022
Epsilon   Japan IHI[19] 1,500[20] 590 to SSO 4[21] 2013 2019
Falcon 9 Full Thrust
(partially reusable) 		  United States SpaceX 16,800+[22] 5,500[23][d] 9,600 to polar[25] 121[26][27][e] 2015 2022
Falcon 9 Full Thrust
(expended) 		  United States SpaceX 22,800[23] 8,300[23] 4,020 to TMI 15[29][30] 2017 2020
Falcon Heavy
(partially reusable)[31]		   United States SpaceX 30,000[32]–57,000[33] 8,000[23]–10,000[f] 3[34][35] 2018 2019
Falcon Heavy
(expended) 		  United States SpaceX 63,800[36] 26,700[36] 16,800 to TMI[36] 0 – [g]
GSLV Mk II   India ISRO 5,000[37] 2,700[38][h] 7[39] 2010 2018
GSLV Mk III   India ISRO 10,000[40] 4,000 2,380 to TLI 3[41] 2017[i] 2019
H-IIA 202   Japan Mitsubishi 8,000[43]: 67  4,000[43]: 48  5,100 to SSO[j]
[43]: 64–65 		 26[44] 2001 2020
Hyperbola-1   China i-Space 300[45] 4[46] 2019[47][k] 2022
Jielong 1[48]   China CALT 200 (SSO) 1[48] 2019 2019
Kaituozhe-2   China CASC 800[49] 1[49] 2017 2017
Kuaizhou 1/1A   China ExPace 400[50] 9[50] 2013[l] 2020
Kuaizhou 11   China ExPace 1,500[51] 1,000 to SSO[52] 1 2020 2020
LauncherOne   United States Virgin Orbit 500[53] 300 to SSO[54] 4 2020 2022
Long March 2C   China CALT 3,850
[citation needed]		 1,250 with CTS2 2,000 to SSO with YZ-1S[55] 64[56] 1982 2021
Long March 2D   China SAST 4,000 1,150 to SSO 54[56] 1992 2021
Long March 2F   China CALT 8,600 15[56] 1999 2021
Long March 3A   China CALT 6,000[57] 2,600 5,000 to SSO 27[58] 1994 2018
Long March 3B/E   China CALT 11,500[57] 5,500 6,900 to SSO 67[58] 2007 2021
Long March 3C   China CALT 9,100[57] 3,800 6,500 to SSO 18[58] 2008 2021
Long March 4B   China SAST 4,200[59] 1,500 2,800 to SSO 43[59] 1999 2021
Long March 4C   China SAST 4,200[60] 1,500 2,800 to SSO 36[59] 2006 2021
Long March 5   China CALT 14,000 [61] 15,000 to SSO[62]
9,400 to TLI[61]
6,000 to TMI[61]		 5[62] 2016 2020
Long March 5B   China CALT 25,000[62] 2[62] 2020[63] 2021
Long March 6   China SAST 1,080 to SSO[64] 8[65] 2015 2021
Long March 6A   China SAST 4,000 to SSO[66] 1[65] 2022 2022
Long March 7   China CALT 13,500[67] 5,500 to SSO 4[68] 2016[69] 2021
Long March 7A   China CALT 5,500 to 7,000[63] 3[68] 2020 2021
Long March 8   China CALT 8,400 2,800 5,000 to SSO 2[70] 2020 2022
Long March 11   China CALT 700[71] 350 to SSO 11[72] 2015 2020
Minotaur I   United States Northrop Grumman 580[73] 12[74] 2000 2021
Minotaur IV   United States Northrop Grumman 1,735[75] 5[76][m] 2010 2020
Minotaur V   United States Northrop Grumman 670[76] 465 to HCO 1[76] 2013 2013
Minotaur-C (Taurus)[77]   United States Northrop Grumman 1,458[78] 1,054 to SSO[n] 10[79] 1994 2017
Nuri (KSLV-II)   South Korea KARI 1,500 to SSO[80][81] 1[81] 2021 2021
OS-M1   China OneSpace 205[82] 143 to SSO 1 2019[83][o] 2019
Pegasus   United States Northrop Grumman 500[85] 44[85][86] 1990 2019
Proton-M / M+   Russia Khrunichev 23,000 (M+)[87]
21,600 (M)[88]		 6,920 (M+)
6,150 (M) 		108[89][90][91] 2001 2020
PSLV-CA   India ISRO 2,100[92] 1,100 to SSO 14[92] 2007 2019
PSLV-DL   India ISRO 1[92] 2019 2021
PSLV-QL   India ISRO 2[92] 2019 2019
PSLV-XL   India ISRO 3,800[92] 1,300 1,750 to SSO
550 to TMI[93]		 21[92] 2008 2020
Qased   Iran Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) 2 2020 2022
Shavit   Israel IAI 300[94] 10[95] 1988 2020
Simorgh   Iran Iranian Space Agency 350[96] 2[96][p] 2017 2019
Soyuz-2.1a   Russia TsSKB-Progress 7,020 from Baikonur[97] 33[98][99][100] 2006[q] 2020
Soyuz-2.1b   Russia TsSKB-Progress 8,200 from Baikonur[97] 2,400[101] 32[99][102] 2006 2021
Soyuz-2-1v   Russia TsSKB-Progress 2,800[103] 1,400 to SSO 5[103] 2013 2019
SS-520   Japan IHI Aerospace 4[104] 2[105] 2017[106][r] 2018
Unha   North Korea KCST 100[107] 4[108] 2009[s] 2016
Vega   Europe ESA / ASI 1,500[t][109] 1,330 to SSO[110] 15[111] 2012 2020
  1. ^ Suborbital flight tests and on-pad explosions are excluded, but launches failing en route to orbit are included.
  2. ^ Reference altitude 500 km
  3. ^ for Starliner[12]
  4. ^ GTO payload is 5,550 kg when the first stage lands downrange on a drone ship (ASDS). Reduced to 3,500 kg if the first stage returns to the launch site (RTLS).[24]
  5. ^ Additionally, one rocket exploded on the launch pad in 2016.[28]
  6. ^ GTO payload is 8,000 kg when the core first-stage booster lands downrange on a drone ship (ASDS) and the side boosters return to the launch site (RTLS). Increased to 10,000 kg if all boosters land on drone ships.[24]
  7. ^ As of 2019 Falcon Heavy has only flown in partially reusable configuration; fully expendable configuration is considered operational in the sense that it is a simplified version of the reusable configuration.
  8. ^ GTO payload with enhanced engines, as of GSLV version 2A[39]
  9. ^ A suborbital test flight was conducted in 2014 (designated LVM-3/CARE) without the cryogenic upper stage (CUS).[42]
  10. ^ 5,100 kg to a 500-km Sun-synchronous orbit; 3,300 kg to 800 km[43]: 64–65 
  11. ^ A suborbital test flight was conducted in April 2018.[45]
  12. ^ A suborbital test flight was conducted in March 2012.[50]
  13. ^ Additionally, two suborbital missions were conducted in 2010 and 2011.[76]
  14. ^ Reference altitude 400 km
  15. ^ A suborbital test flight was conducted in May 2018.[84]
  16. ^ A suborbital test flight succeeded in 2016; both orbital flights in 2017 and 2019 failed.[96]
  17. ^ Suborbital test flight in 2004, without Fregat upper stage.[98]
  18. ^ A prior version of the SS-520 flew twice as a suborbital sounding rocket in 1998 and 2000. In 2017, the addition of a small third stage enabled orbital launches of ultra-light nano- or picosatellites.[104]
  19. ^ A suborbital test flight failed in 2006. The first two orbital missions failed in 2009 and 2012, and the rocket finally reached orbit in late 2012.[108]
  20. ^ Reference altitude 700 km

Upcoming rocketsEdit

Vehicle Origin Manufacturer Payload mass to ... (kg) Date of first flight
LEO GTO Other
Agnibaan   India AgniKul Cosmos 100 0 2022[citation needed]
Amur   Russia 10,500[112] 2026[112]
Angara 1.2   Russia Khrunichev 3,500[2] 2,400 to SSO 2022[3][a]
Ariane 6 A62   Europe ArianeGroup 10,350[114]: 45  5,000[114]: 33  6,450 to SSO
3,000 to HEO
3,000 to TLI [114]: 40–49 		 2022
Ariane 6 A64   Europe ArianeGroup 21,650[114]: 46  11,500+ [114]: 33  14,900 to SSO
5,000 to GEO
8,400 to HEO
8,500 to TLI [114]: 40–49 		 2023
Beta   United States
  Ukraine 		Firefly Aerospace 8,000[115] TBA 5,800 to SSO TBA
Bloostar   Spain Zero 2 Infinity 140[116] 75 to SSO[116] TBA
Blue Whale 1   South Korea Perigee Aerospace 63[117] 50 to SSO TBA


Cyclone-4M   Ukraine Yuzhnoye
Yuzhmash 		5,000[118] 1,000[119] 3,350 to SSO[118] 2023[120]
Chetak   India Bellatrix Aerospace 2023
Eris   Australia
  Singapore 		Gilmour Space Technologies 305[121] 2022[121]
H3   Japan Mitsubishi 4,000[122] 6,500[123] 4,000 to SSO[124] 2022[125]
Hyperbola-2   China i-Space 2,000[45] 2022[126]
Kuaizhou 21   China ExPace 20,000[127] 2025[52]
Long March 9   China CALT 150,000[128] 66,000[129] 53,000 to TLI[128]
40,000 to TMI[130]		 2030[131]
Miura 5   Spain PLD Space 900 450 to SSO 2024[132]
Neutron   United States
  New Zealand 		Rocket Lab 8,000 2024[133]
New Glenn   United States Blue Origin 45,000[134] 13,000 2023[135]
New Line 1
(partially reusable)[136]		   China LinkSpace 200 to SSO[136] TBA
OS-M2   China OneSpace 390[82] 292 to SSO TBA
Prime   United Kingdom Orbex 220[137] 150 to SSO[b][138] 2022[139]
Ravn X   United States Aevum 100[140] TBA
RFA One   Germany Rocket Factory Augsburg AG 1,600[141] 450[141] 2022[142]
RS1   United States ABL Space Systems 1,350[143] 400 1,000 to SSO
750 to MEO 		2022[144]


Soyuz-5 / Irtysh   Russia TsSKB-Progress
RSC Energia 		18,000[145] 2,500 to GEO 2022[146][147]
Space Launch System Block 1[c]   United States NASA / Boeing (core)
Northrop Grumman (SRBs) 		95,000[148] 26,000 to TLI[148] 2022[149]
SLS Block 1B[d]   United States NASA / Boeing
Northrop Grumman 		105,000[150] 37,000 to TLI[148] 2025[151]
SLS Block 2[e]   United States NASA / Boeing
Northrop Grumman 		130,000[152] 45,000 to HCO[148] late 2020s (TBD)
Spectrum   Germany Isar Aerospace 1,000[153] 700 to SSO[153] 2022[154]
SSLV   India ISRO 500[155] 300 to SSO 2022[156]
Starship[157]
(Single launch) 		  United States SpaceX 100,000+[157][note 5] 21,000[158] 100,000+ to SSO[158] 2022 (orbital)[159]
Starship[157]
(Additional refuelling launches) 		  United States SpaceX 100,000+[157][note 6] 100,000+
[157]		 100,000+ to Mars surface[157]
100,000+ to lunar surface[157]		 2023 (TBD)[159]
Terran 1   United States Relativity Space 1,250[160] 900 to SSO 2022[161]
Terran R   United States Relativity Space 20,000[160] 2024[160]
Vector-R   United States Vector Launch 64 2022
Vega C   Europe ESA / ASI 2,200[f][162] 2022[163]
Vega E   Europe ESA / ASI 3,000[f][164] 2025[165]
Vikram 1[166]   India Skyroot Aerospace[167] 315 to 45º inclination 500 km LEO 200 to 500 km SSPO 2022[168]
Vikram 2[166]   India Skyroot Aerospace 520 to 45º inclination 500 km LEO 410 to 500 km SSPO TBA
Vikram 3[166]   India Skyroot Aerospace 720 to 45º inclination 500 km LEO 580 to 500 km SSPO TBA
Vulcan / Centaur   United States ULA 27,200[169] 14,400[169] 7,200 to GEO[169]
12,100 to TLI 		2022[170]
Yenisei[171]   Russia TsSKB-Progress
RSC Energia 		88,000 – 115,000[147] 27,000 to TLI[172][173][174] 2028[173]
Zero   Japan Interstellar Technologies 100 to SSO[b][175] 2023[176]
Zuljanah   Iran Iranian Space Agency 220[177] TBA
921 rocket   China CALT 25,000 to TLI[178] 2025[131]


Zhuque-2   China LandSpace 4,000[179] 2,000 to SSO 2022[126]
  1. ^ A suborbital flight was conducted in 2014 as Angara-1.2pp, testing only the first and second stages.[113]
  2. ^ a b Reference altitude 500 km
  3. ^ with ICPS
  4. ^ with EUS
  5. ^ with EUS and
    advanced boosters
  6. ^ a b Reference altitude 700 km

Retired rocketsEdit

Vehicle Origin Manufacturer Mass to ... (kg) Launches
(+ suborbital) 		Date of flight
LEO GTO Other First Last
Antares 110–130   United States Orbital 5,100[4] 1,500 to SSO 5[4] 2013 2014
Ariane 1   Europe Aérospatiale 1,830[180] 11[180] 1979 1986
Ariane 2   Europe Aérospatiale 2,270[180] 6[180] 1986 1989
Ariane 3   Europe Aérospatiale 2,650[180] 11[180] 1984 1989
Ariane 4 40   Europe Aérospatiale 4,600[180] 2,105 2,740 to SSO 7[180] 1990 1999
Ariane 4 42L   Europe Aérospatiale 7,000[180] 3,480 4,500 to SSO 13[180] 1993 2002
Ariane 4 42P   Europe Aérospatiale 6,000[180] 2,930 3,400 to SSO 15[180] 1990 2002
Ariane 4 44L   Europe Aérospatiale 7,000[180] 4,720 6,000 to SSO 40[180] 1989 2003
Ariane 4 44LP   Europe Aérospatiale 7,000[180] 4,220 5,000 to SSO 26[180] 1988 2001
Ariane 4 44P   Europe Aérospatiale 6,500[180] 3,465 4,100 to SSO 15[180] 1991 2001
Ariane 5 G   Europe EADS Astrium 18,000[8] 6,900[8] 16[8] 1996 2003
Ariane 5 G+   Europe EADS Astrium 7,100[8] 3[8] 2004 2004
Ariane 5 GS   Europe EADS Astrium 16,000[181] 6,600[8] 6[8] 2005 2009[182]
Ariane 5 ES   Europe EADS Astrium 21,000[6] 8,000[8] 8[8] 2008 2018
ASLV   India ISRO[183] 150[184] 4[184] 1987 1994
Athena I   United States Lockheed Martin 795[185] 515 4[186] 1995 2001
Athena II   United States Lockheed Martin 1,800[187] 3[188] 1998 1999[189]
Atlas-Centaur   United States Lockheed 1,134[190] 2,222[191] 148 1962 1983
Atlas G   United States Lockheed 5,900[192] 2,222 1,179 to HCO[192] 7[192] 1984 1989
Atlas H/MSD   United States Lockheed 3,630[193] 5 1983 1987
Atlas I   United States Lockheed Martin 5,900[192] 2,340[192] 11[192] 1990 1997
Atlas II   United States Lockheed Martin 6,780[192] 2,810 2,000 to HCO[192] 10[192] 1991 1998
Atlas IIA   United States Lockheed Martin 7,316[192] 3,180 2,160 to HCO[192] 23[192] 1992 2002
Atlas IIAS   United States Lockheed Martin 8,618[192] 3,833 2,680 to HCO[192] 30[192] 1993 2004
Atlas IIIA   United States Lockheed Martin 8,686[192] 4,060 2,970 to HCO[192] 2[192] 2000 2004
Atlas IIIB/DEC   United States Lockheed Martin 10,759[192] 4,609[192] 1[192] 2002 2002
Atlas IIIB/SEC   United States Lockheed Martin 10,218[194] 4,193[192] 3[192] 2003 2005
Atlas V 511   United States ULA 11,000[11] 5,250 7,820 to SSO
1,750 to GEO 		1[195] 2022 2022
Black Arrow   United Kingdom RAE 73[196] 2 (+2) 1969[a] 1971
Commercial Titan III   United States Martin Marietta 13,100[197] 4 1990 1992
Delta 0300   United States McDonnell Douglas 340[198] 747 to SSO[199] 3[200] 1972 1973[201]
Delta 0900   United States McDonnell Douglas 1,300[202] 818 to SSO[200] 2[200] 1972 1972
Delta 1410   United States McDonnell Douglas 340[203] 1[200] 1975 1975
Delta 1604   United States McDonnell Douglas 390[204] 2[200] 1972 1973
Delta 1900   United States McDonnell Douglas 1,800[200] 1[200] 1973 1973
Delta 1910   United States McDonnell Douglas 1,066[205] 1[200] 1975 1975
Delta 1913   United States McDonnell Douglas 328[206] 1[200] 1973 1973
Delta 1914   United States McDonnell Douglas 680[207] 2[200] 1972 1973
Delta 2310   United States McDonnell Douglas 336[208] 3[200] 1974 1981
Delta 2313   United States McDonnell Douglas 243 to GEO[209] 3[200] 1974 1977
Delta 2910   United States McDonnell Douglas 1,887[200] 6[200] 1975 1978
Delta 2913   United States McDonnell Douglas 2,000[210] 700[210] 6[200] 1975 1976
Delta 2914   United States McDonnell Douglas 724[200] 30[200] 1974 1979
Delta 3910   United States McDonnell Douglas 2,494[200] 1,154 with PAM-D 10[200] 1980 1988
Delta 3913   United States McDonnell Douglas 816[211] 1[200] 1981 1981
Delta 3914   United States McDonnell Douglas 954[200] 13[200] 1975 1987
Delta 3920   United States McDonnell Douglas 3,452[200] 1,284 with PAM-D 10[200] 1982 1989
Delta 3924   United States McDonnell Douglas 1,104[200] 4[200] 1982 1984
Delta 4925   United States McDonnell Douglas 3,400[212] 1,312[200] 2[200] 1989 1990
Delta 5920   United States McDonnell Douglas 3,848[213] 1[200] 1989 1989
Delta II 6920   United States McDonnell Douglas 3,983[200] 3[200] 1990 1992
Delta II 6925   United States McDonnell Douglas 1,447[200] 14[200] 1989 1992
Delta II 7320   United States Boeing IDS / ULA 2,865[200] 1,651 to SSO 12[200] 1999 2015
Delta II 7326   United States Boeing IDS 934[200] 636 to TLI
629 to HCO 		3[200] 1998 2001
Delta II 7420   United States ULA 3,185[200] 1,966 to SSO 14[200] 1998 2018
Delta II 7425   United States Boeing IDS 1,100[200] 804 to HCO 4[200] 1998 2002
Delta II 7426   United States Boeing IDS 1,058[200] 734 to TLI
711 to HCO 		1[200] 1999 1999
Delta II 7920   United States Boeing IDS / ULA 5,030[200] 3,123 to SSO 29[200] 1998 2017
Delta II 7925   United States Boeing IDS / ULA 1,819[200] 1,177 to TLI
1,265 to HCO 		69[200] 1990 2009
Delta II-H 7920H   United States Boeing IDS / ULA 6,097[200] 3[200] 2003 2011
Delta II-H 7925H   United States Boeing IDS / ULA 2,171 1,508 to HCO[200] 3[200] 2003 2007
Delta III 8930   United States Boeing IDS 8,292[200] 3,810 3[200] 1998 2000
Delta IV M   United States Boeing IDS 9,440[15] 4,440 7,690 to polar 3[16] 2003 2006
Delta IV M+(4,2)   United States ULA 13,140[15] 6,390 10,250 to polar 14[16] 2002 2019
Delta IV M+(5,2)   United States ULA 11,470[15] 5,490 9,600 to polar 3[16] 2012 2018
Delta IV M+(5,4)   United States ULA 14,140[15] 7,300 11,600 to polar 8[16] 2009 2019
Diamant   France SEREB 107[214][215] 12 1965 1975
Dnepr   Ukraine Yuzhmash 3,700[216] 22[216] 1999 2015[217]
Energia[b]   Soviet Union NPO Energia 100,000[218] 20,000 to GEO[218]
32,000 to TLI[218]		 1 (failed to orbit)[219] 1987 1987
Energia-Buran   Soviet Union NPO Energia (Launcher)
NPO Molniya (Orbiter) 		30,000[218][c] 1 1988 1988
Falcon 1   United States SpaceX 470[220] 5[220] 2006 2009
Falcon 9 v1.0   United States SpaceX 10,450[221] 4,540[221] 5[222] 2010 2013
Falcon 9 v1.1   United States SpaceX 13,150[223][d] 4,850[223] 15[222] 2013 2016
Feng Bao 1   China Shanghai Bureau No.2 2,500[224] 8 (+3)[225] 1972 1981
GSLV Mk.I(a)   India ISRO 5,000[37] 1,540[226] 1[226] 2001 2001
GSLV Mk.I(b)   India ISRO 5,000[37] 2,150[226] 4[226] 2003 2007
GSLV Mk.I(c)   India ISRO 5,000[37] 1[226] 2010 2010
H-I   Japan
  United States 		Mitsubishi 1,400[227] 9 1986 1992
H-II / IIS   Japan Mitsubishi 10,060[228] 4,000[229] 7[229] 1994 1999
H-IIA 204   Japan Mitsubishi 5,950[43]: 48  5[44] 2006 2021
H-IIA 2022   Japan Mitsubishi 4,500[44] 3[44] 2005 2007
H-IIA 2024   Japan Mitsubishi 11,000[230] 5,000[44] 7[44] 2002 2008
H-IIB   Japan Mitsubishi 16,500 (ISS)[123] 8,000 8[231] 2009 2020
J-I   Japan Nissan Motors[232] 1,000[233] 0 (+1) 1996 1996
Kaituozhe-1   China CALT 100[234] 2 2002 2003
Kosmos-3M   Soviet Union
  Russia 		NPO Polyot 1,500[235] 442[236] 1967 2010
Lambda 4S   Japan Nissan Motors[232] 26[237] 5 1966 1970
Long March 1   China CALT 300[238] 2[239] 1970 1971
Long March 1D   China CALT 740[240] 0 (+3)[239] 1995[e] 2002
Long March 2A   China CALT 2,000[241] 4[56] 1974 1978
Long March 2E   China CALT 9,200[56] 7[56] 1990 1995
Long March 3   China CALT 5,000[58] 13[58] 1984 2000
Long March 3B   China CALT 11,200[57] 5,100 5,700 to SSO 12[58] 1996 2012
Long March 4A   China CALT 4,000 2[59] 1988 1990
M-V   Japan Nissan Motors[232] (1997–2000)
IHI Aerospace[19] (2000–2006) 		1,850[237] 7 1997 2006
Molniya   Soviet Union RSC Energia 1,800[242] 40[243] 1960 1967
Molniya-M   Soviet Union
  Russia 		RSC Energia 2,400[244] 280[245] 1965 2010
Mu-3C   Japan Nissan Motors[232] 195[237] 4 1974 1979
Mu-3H   Japan Nissan Motors[232] 300[237] 3 1977 1978
Mu-3S   Japan Nissan Motors[232] 300[237] 4 1980 1984
Mu-3SII   Japan Nissan Motors[232] 770[237] 8 1985 1995
Mu-4S   Japan Nissan Motors[232] 180[237] 4 1971 1972
N1   Soviet Union NPO Energia 95,000[246][247][248][f] 4[249] (never reached orbit) 1969 1972
N-I   Japan
  United States 		Mitsubishi 1,200[250] 7 1975 1982
N-II   Japan
  United States 		Mitsubishi 2,000[251] 8 1981 1987
Naro-1   South Korea
  Russia 		KARI/Khrunichev 100[252] 3 2009 2013
NOTS-EV-1 Pilot   United States United States Navy 1.05[253] 10 1958 1958
Paektusan   North Korea KCST 700[254] 0 (+1) 1998 1998
Polyot   Soviet Union RSC Energia 1,400 2 1963 1964
Proton-K   Soviet Union
  Russia 		Khrunichev 19,760[255] 4,930[256] 311[257] 1965 2012
PSLV-G   India ISRO 3,200[92] 1,050 1,600 to SSO 12[92] 1993 2016[258]
Rokot   Russia Khrunichev 1,950[259] 1,200 to SSO 34[259] 1990 2019
Safir   Iran Iranian Space Agency 65[260] 7[260][g] 2008 2019
Saturn I   United States Chrysler (S-I)
Douglas (S-IV) 		9,000[261] 10[262] 1961 1965[262]
Saturn IB   United States Chrysler (S-IB)
Douglas (S-IVB) 		18,600[263] 9[264] 1966 1975
Saturn V   United States Boeing (S-IC)
North American (S-II)
Douglas (S-IVB) 		140,000[265][266] 47,000 to TLI[267] 13[268][269][h] 1967 1973
Scout   United States US Air Force/NASA 174[270] 125 1961 1994
Shtil'   Russia Makeyev 280–420[271] 2[272] 1998 2006
SLV   India ISRO 40[273] 4[273] 1979 1983[273]
Soyuz   Soviet Union RSC Energia 6,450 31[274] 1966 1976
Soyuz-FG   Russia TsSKB-Progress 6,900[275] 70[99][276] 2001 2019
Soyuz-L   Soviet Union RSC Energia 5,500 3[277] 1970 1971
Soyuz-M   Soviet Union RSC Energia 6,600 8[278] 1971 1976
Soyuz ST-A   Russia
  Europe 		TsSKB-Progress
Arianespace 		7,800 from Kourou[279] 2,810 with Fregat[280] 6[99] 2011 2020
Soyuz ST-B   Russia
  Europe 		TsSKB-Progress
Arianespace 		9,000 from Kourou[281] 3,250 with Fregat[280] 4,400 to SSO[282] 16[99] 2011 2019
Soyuz-U   Soviet Union
  Russia 		TsSKB-Progress 6,650 from Baikonour[283]
6,150 from Plesetsk[283]		 786[99][100][284] 1973 2017
Soyuz-U2   Soviet Union
  Russia 		TsSKB-Progress 7,050 72[285] 1982 1995
Space Shuttle   United States ATK (SRBs)
Martin Marietta (External tank)
Rockwell (Orbiter) 		24,400[c]
3,550 to escape with IUS[286] 135[288] 1981 2011
Sputnik 8K71PS   Soviet Union RSC Energia 500[289] 2 1957 1957
Sputnik 8A91   Soviet Union RSC Energia 1,327 2 1958 1958
Start-1   Russia MITT 532 350 to SSO[290] 5[291] 1993 2006
Strela   Russia Khrunichev 1,400[292] 3[293] 2003 2014
Titan II GLV   United States Martin Marietta 3,600[294] 11 (+1) 1964 1966
Titan II(23)G   United States Martin Marietta 3,600[295] 13 1988 2003
Titan IIIA   United States Martin Marietta 3,100[296] 4 1964 1965
Titan IIIB   United States Martin Marietta 3,000[297] 70 1966 1987
Titan IIIC   United States Martin Marietta 13,100[298] 36 1965 1982
Titan IIID   United States Martin Marietta 12,300[299] 22 1971 1982
Titan IIIE   United States Martin Marietta 15,400[300] 7 1974 1977
Titan 34D   United States Martin Marietta 4,515[301] 15 1982 1989
Titan IVA   United States Martin Marietta 17,110[302] 4,944 with IUS
22[303] 1989 1998
Titan IVB   United States Lockheed Martin 21,682[304] 5,761[304]
(9,000 with upper stage) 		17[303] 1997 2005
Tsyklon-2A   Soviet Union Yuzhmash 3,350[305] 8[306] 1967 1969
Tsyklon-2   Soviet Union
  Ukraine 		Yuzhmash 2,820[307] 106[308] 1969 2006[308]
Tsyklon-3   Soviet Union
  Ukraine 		Yuzhmash 1,920[309] 122[310] 1977 2009[310]
Vanguard   United States Martin 9[311] 11 (+1) 1957 1959
VLS-1   Brazil AEB, IAE 380[312] 2[i] (never reached orbit) 1997 2003
Volna   Russia Makeyev 100[313] 1 (+5)[272] 1995[j] 2005[272]
Voskhod   Soviet Union RSC Energia 6,000[314] 306 1963 1976
Vostok-L   Soviet Union RSC Energia 390 to TLI[315] 4 1960 1960
Vostok-K   Soviet Union RSC Energia 2,460[316] 16 1960 1964
Vostok-2   Soviet Union RSC Energia 4,730[316] 45 1962 1967
Vostok-2M   Soviet Union RSC Energia 1,300[317] 93 1964 1991
Soyuz/Vostok   Soviet Union RSC Energia 6,000[318] 2 1965 1966
Zenit-2   Soviet Union
  Ukraine 		Yuzhnoye 13,740[319] 36[320] 1985 2004[321]
Zenit-2M / 2SLB   Ukraine Yuzhnoye 13,920[319] 2[320] 2007 2011
Zenit-3F   Ukraine Yuzhnoye 1,740 to GEO[322] 4[323] 2011 2017
Zenit-3SL   Ukraine Yuzhmash
RSC Energia 		7,000[323] 6,160 36[323] 1999 2014
Zenit-3SLB / 3M   Ukraine Yuzhmash
RSC Energia 		3,750[323] 6[323] 2008 2013
Zhuque-1   China LandSpace 300[324] 200 to SSO 1[325] 2018[325] 2018
  1. ^ First suborbital test in 1969, first orbital launch attempt in 1970
  2. ^ Without Buran, and assuming payload providing orbital insertion
  3. ^ a b The U.S. Space Shuttle Transportation System and the Soviet Energia-Buran system consist of launch vehicle rockets and returnable spaceplane orbiter. Payload values listed here are for the mass of the payload in cargo bay of the spaceplanes, excluding the mass of the spaceplanes themselves.
  4. ^ The SpaceX website lists the F9 payload to LEO as 13,150kg. The payload to GTO is listed as 4,850kg. However, SpaceX has stated that these numbers include a 30% margin to accommodate re-usability.
  5. ^ Suborbital test flights in 1995, 1997 and 2002, no orbital launches attempted
  6. ^ The N1 rocket was initially designed for 75 t LEO capacity and launch attempts were made with this version, but there were studies to increase the payload capacity to 90–95 t, if a liquid-hydrogen upper stage engine could be developed.
  7. ^ Additionally, two rockets exploded on the launch pad, one in 2012 and one in 2019.[260]
  8. ^ The Saturn V made 13 launches, 12 of which reached the correct orbits, and the other (Apollo 6) reached a different orbit than the one which had been planned; however, some mission objectives could still be completed; NASA, Saturn V News Reference, Appendix: Saturn V Flight History (1968) Archived 2011-05-17 at the Wayback Machine. For more information, see the Saturn V article. The Saturn V launch record is usually quoted as having never failed, e.g. "The rocket was masterminded by Wernher Von Braun and did not fail in any of its flights", Alan Lawrie and Robert Godwin; Saturn, but the Apollo 6 launch should be considered a partial mission failure. The 13th launch of Saturn V was in special configuration (SA-513) with the Skylab.
  9. ^ A third rocket exploded before launch.
  10. ^ First orbital launch attempt in 2005

Launch systems by countryEdit

The following chart shows the number of launch systems developed in each country, and broken down by operational status. Rocket variants are not distinguished; i.e., the Atlas V series is only counted once for all its configurations 401–431, 501–551, 552, and N22.

10
20
30
40
50
AUS
BRZ
CHN
EUR
ESP
FRA
IND
IRN
ISR
JPN
NKR
NZL
RUS
SKR
TWN
UKR
UK
USA
  •   Operational
  •   In development
  •   Retired

See alsoEdit

NotesEdit

  1. ^ There are many different methods. Each method has drawbacks and advantages, and spacecraft propulsion is an active area of research. However, most spacecraft today are propelled by forcing a gas from the back/rear of the vehicle at very high speed through a supersonic de Laval nozzle. This sort of engine is called a rocket engine.
  2. ^ The first medieval rockets were solid-fuel rockets powered by gunpowder; they were used by the Chinese, Indians, Mongols and Arabs, in warfare as early as the 13th century.
  3. ^ Such as the Pegasus rocket and SpaceShipOne.
  4. ^ Most satellites have simple reliable chemical thrusters (often monopropellant rockets) or resistojet rockets for orbital station-keeping and some use momentum wheels for attitude control. Soviet bloc satellites have used electric propulsion for decades, and newer Western geo-orbiting spacecraft are starting to use them for north-south stationkeeping and orbit raising. Interplanetary vehicles mostly use chemical rockets as well, although a few have used ion thrusters and Hall effect thrusters (two different types of electric propulsion) to great success.
  5. ^ Elon Musk [@elonmusk] (31 March 2020). "Mass of initial SN ships will be a little high & Isp a little low, but, over time, it will be ~150t to LEO fully reusable" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  6. ^ Elon Musk [@elonmusk] (31 March 2020). "Mass of initial SN ships will be a little high & Isp a little low, but, over time, it will be ~150t to LEO fully reusable" (Tweet) – via Twitter.

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