Summary
Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 2 (CRHR2) is a protein, also known by the IUPHAR-recommended name CRF2,[5] that is encoded by the CRHR2 gene and occurs on the surfaces of some mammalian cells. CRF2 receptors are type 2 G protein-coupled receptors for corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) that are resident in the plasma membranes of hormone-sensitive cells. CRH, a peptide of 41 amino acids synthesized in the hypothalamus, is the principal neuroregulator of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and downstream effectors such as adenylate cyclase. The CRF2 receptor is a multi-pass membrane protein with a transmembrane domain composed of seven helices arranged in a V-shape. CRF2 receptors are activated by two structurally similar peptides, urocortin II, and urocortin III, as well as CRH.[6]
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| Aliases | CRHR2, CRF-RB, CRF2, CRFR2, HM-CRF, corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| External IDs | OMIM: 602034 MGI: 894312 HomoloGene: 55612 GeneCards: CRHR2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Properties edit
The human CRHR2 gene contains 12 exons. Three major functional isoforms, alpha (411 amino acids), beta (438 amino acids), and gamma (397 amino acids), encoded by transcripts with alternative first exons,[7] differ only in the N-terminal sequence comprising the signal peptide and part of the extracellular domain (amino acids 18-108 of CRHR2 alpha); the unique N-terminal sequence of each isoform (34 amino acids in CRHR2 alpha; 61 amino acids in Hs CRHR2 beta; 20 amino acids in CRHR2 gamma) is followed by a sequence common to all isoforms (377 amino acids)[8] comprising most of the multi-pass transmembrane domain followed by a cytoplasmic domain of 47 amino acids.
CRHR2 beta is expressed in human brain; CRHR2 alpha predominates in peripheral tissues. The N-terminal signal peptides of corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 and CRHR2 beta are cleaved off in the endoplasmic reticulum to yield the mature receptors. In contrast, CRHR2 alpha contains a unique pseudo signal peptide that is not removed from the mature receptor. In adenylate cyclase activation assays, CRH-related peptides are 10 times more potent at stimulating CRHR2 beta than CRHR2 alpha and CRHR2 gamma, suggesting that the N-terminal sequence is involved in the ligand-receptor interaction.[9]
See also edit
References edit
- ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000106113 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000003476 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "Entrez Gene: CRHR2 corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 2".
- ^ Pal K, Swaminathan K, Xu HE, Pioszak AA (Dec 2010). "Structural basis for hormone recognition by the Human CRFR2{alpha} G protein-coupled receptor". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 285 (51): 40351–61. doi:10.1074/jbc.m110.186072. PMC 3001015. PMID 20966082.
- ^ Catalano RD, Kyriakou T, Chen J, Easton A, Hillhouse EW (Mar 2003). "Regulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone type 2 receptors by multiple promoters and alternative splicing: identification of multiple splice variants". Molecular Endocrinology. 17 (3): 395–410. doi:10.1210/me.2002-0302. PMID 12554761.
- ^ "Corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 2, UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Q13324 (CRFR2_HUMAN)".
- ^ Hillhouse EW, Grammatopoulos DK (2001). Control of intracellular signalling by corticotropin-releasing hormone in human myometrium. Frontiers of Hormone Research. Vol. 27. pp. 66–74. doi:10.1159/000061042. ISBN 3-8055-7195-X. PMID 11450436.
Further reading edit
- Perrin MH, Donaldson CJ, Chen R, Lewis KA, Vale WW (Dec 1993). "Cloning and functional expression of a rat brain corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) receptor". Endocrinology. 133 (6): 3058–61. doi:10.1210/endo.133.6.8243338. PMID 8243338.
- Liaw CW, Lovenberg TW, Barry G, Oltersdorf T, Grigoriadis DE, de Souza EB (Jan 1996). "Cloning and characterization of the human corticotropin-releasing factor-2 receptor complementary deoxyribonucleic acid". Endocrinology. 137 (1): 72–7. doi:10.1210/endo.137.1.8536644. PMID 8536644.
- Donaldson CJ, Sutton SW, Perrin MH, Corrigan AZ, Lewis KA, Rivier JE, Vaughan JM, Vale WW (May 1996). "Cloning and characterization of human urocortin". Endocrinology. 137 (5): 2167–70. doi:10.1210/endo.137.5.8612563. PMID 8612563.
- Meyer AH, Ullmer C, Schmuck K, Morel C, Wishart W, Lübbert H, Engels P (Feb 1997). "Localization of the human CRF2 receptor to 7p21-p15 by radiation hybrid mapping and FISH analysis". Genomics. 40 (1): 189–90. doi:10.1006/geno.1996.4521. PMID 9070940.
- Valdenaire O, Giller T, Breu V, Gottowik J, Kilpatrick G (May 1997). "A new functional isoform of the human CRF2 receptor for corticotropin-releasing factor". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression. 1352 (2): 129–32. doi:10.1016/s0167-4781(97)00047-x. PMID 9199241.
- Gottowik J, Goetschy V, Henriot S, Kitas E, Fluhman B, Clerc RG, Moreau JL, Monsma FJ, Kilpatrick GJ (Oct 1997). "Labelling of CRF1 and CRF2 receptors using the novel radioligand, [3H]-urocortin". Neuropharmacology. 36 (10): 1439–46. doi:10.1016/S0028-3908(97)00098-1. PMID 9423932. S2CID 6235036.
- Kostich WA, Chen A, Sperle K, Largent BL (Aug 1998). "Molecular identification and analysis of a novel human corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) receptor: the CRF2gamma receptor". Molecular Endocrinology. 12 (8): 1077–85. doi:10.1210/mend.12.8.0145. PMID 9717834.
- Willenberg HS, Bornstein SR, Hiroi N, Päth G, Goretzki PE, Scherbaum WA, Chrousos GP (Mar 2000). "Effects of a novel corticotropin-releasing-hormone receptor type I antagonist on human adrenal function". Molecular Psychiatry. 5 (2): 137–41. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4000720. PMID 10822340.
- Reyes TM, Lewis K, Perrin MH, Kunitake KS, Vaughan J, Arias CA, Hogenesch JB, Gulyas J, Rivier J, Vale WW, Sawchenko PE (Feb 2001). "Urocortin II: a member of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) neuropeptide family that is selectively bound by type 2 CRF receptors". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 98 (5): 2843–8. Bibcode:2001PNAS...98.2843R. doi:10.1073/pnas.051626398. PMC 30227. PMID 11226328.
- Hsu SY, Hsueh AJ (May 2001). "Human stresscopin and stresscopin-related peptide are selective ligands for the type 2 corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor". Nature Medicine. 7 (5): 605–11. doi:10.1038/87936. PMID 11329063. S2CID 22916906.
- Lewis K, Li C, Perrin MH, Blount A, Kunitake K, Donaldson C, Vaughan J, Reyes TM, Gulyas J, Fischer W, Bilezikjian L, Rivier J, Sawchenko PE, Vale WW (Jun 2001). "Identification of urocortin III, an additional member of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family with high affinity for the CRF2 receptor". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 98 (13): 7570–5. Bibcode:2001PNAS...98.7570L. doi:10.1073/pnas.121165198. PMC 34709. PMID 11416224.
- Wetzka B, Sehringer B, Schäfer WR, Biller S, Hör C, Benedek E, Deppert WR, Zahradnik HP (May 2003). "Expression patterns of CRH, CRH receptors, and CRH binding protein in human gestational tissue at term". Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes. 111 (3): 154–61. doi:10.1055/s-2003-39778. PMID 12784189.
- Karteris E, Hillhouse EW, Grammatopoulos D (Feb 2004). "Urocortin II is expressed in human pregnant myometrial cells and regulates myosin light chain phosphorylation: potential role of the type-2 corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor in the control of myometrial contractility". Endocrinology. 145 (2): 890–900. doi:10.1210/en.2003-1210. PMID 14592950.
- Seres J, Bornstein SR, Seres P, Willenberg HS, Schulte KM, Scherbaum WA, Ehrhart-Bornstein M (Feb 2004). "Corticotropin-releasing hormone system in human adipose tissue". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 89 (2): 965–70. doi:10.1210/jc.2003-031299. PMID 14764822.
- Brandenberger R, Wei H, Zhang S, Lei S, Murage J, Fisk GJ, Li Y, Xu C, Fang R, Guegler K, Rao MS, Mandalam R, Lebkowski J, Stanton LW (Jun 2004). "Transcriptome characterization elucidates signaling networks that control human ES cell growth and differentiation". Nature Biotechnology. 22 (6): 707–16. doi:10.1038/nbt971. PMID 15146197. S2CID 27764390.
- Nanda SA, Roseboom PH, Nash GA, Speers JM, Kalin NH (Dec 2004). "Characterization of the human corticotropin-releasing factor2(a) receptor promoter: regulation by glucocorticoids and the cyclic adenosine 5'-monophosphate pathway". Endocrinology. 145 (12): 5605–15. doi:10.1210/en.2004-0907. PMID 15331578.
- "Corticotropin-releasing Factor Receptors: CRF2". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. Archived from the original on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2008-12-04.
External links edit
- Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: Q60748 (Mouse Corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 2) at the PDBe-KB.
This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.