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Cunninghamella elegans

Summary

Cunninghamella elegans is a species of fungus in the genus Cunninghamella found in soil.[3]

Cunninghamella elegans
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Mucoromycota
Order: Mucorales
Family: Cunninghamellaceae
Genus: Cunninghamella
Species:
C. elegans
Binomial name
Cunninghamella elegans
Lendner (1907)[1]
Synonyms
  • Cunninghamella echinulata var. elegans (Lendner) Lunn & Shipton[2]
  • Cunninghamella elegans var. elegans Lendn. 1905

It can be grown in Sabouraud dextrose broth, a liquid medium used for cultivation of yeasts and molds from liquid which are normally sterile.

As opposed to C. bertholletiae, it is not a human pathogen,[4] with the exception of two documented patients.[5]

Description edit

Cunninghamella elegans is a filamentous fungus that produces purely gray colonies.[6]

Electron microscopy studies show that the conidia are covered with spines.[7]

Use as a fungal organism capable of xenobiotics metabolism edit

Cunninghamella elegans is able to degrade xenobiotics.[8] It has a variety of enzymes of phases I (modification enzymes acting to introduce reactive and polar groups into their substrates) and II (conjugation enzymes) of the xenobiotic metabolism, as do mammals. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, aryl sulfotransferase, glutathione S-transferase, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, UDP-glucosyltransferase activities have been detected in cytosolic or microsomal fractions.[9]

Cytochrome P-450 and cytochrome P-450 reductase in C. elegans are part of the phase I enzymes. They are induced by the corticosteroid cortexolone and by phenanthrene.[10] C. elegans also possesses a lanosterol 14-alpha demethylase, another enzyme in the cytochrome P450 family.[11]

Cunninghamella elegans also possesses a glutathione S-transferase.[12]

Use as a fungal model organism of mammalian drug metabolism edit

Cunninghamella elegans is a microbial model of mammalian drug metabolism.[13][14][15][16] The use of this fungus could reduce the over-all need for laboratory animals.[17]

Cunninghamella elegans is able to transform the tricyclic antidepressants amitriptyline[18] and doxepin,[19] the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapine,[20] the muscle relaxant cyclobenzaprine,[21] the typical antipsychotic chlorpromazine as well as the antihistamine and anticholinergic methdilazine[22] and azatadine. It is also able to transform the antihistamines brompheniramine, chlorpheniramine and pheniramine.[23]

It forms a glucoside with the diuretic furosemide.[16]

The transformation of oral contraceptive mestranol by C. elegans yields two hydroxylated metabolites, 6beta-hydroxymestranol and 6beta,12beta-dihydroxymestranol.[24]

Metabolism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons edit

The phase I cytochrome P450 enzyme systems of C. elegans has been implicated in the neutralization of numerous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH).[6]

It can degrade molecules such as anthracene, 7-methylbenz[a]anthracene and 7-hydroxymethylbenz[a]anthracene,[25] phenanthrene,[26] acenaphthene,[27] 1- and 2-methylnaphthalene,[28] naphthalene,[29] fluorene[30] or benzo(a)pyrene.[31]

In the case of phenanthrene, C. elegans produces a glucoside conjugate of 1-hydroxyphenanthrene (phenanthrene 1-O-beta-glucose).[32]

Metabolism of pesticides edit

Cunninghamella elegans is also able to degrade the herbicides alachlor,[33] metolachlor[34] and isoproturon[35] as well as the fungicide mepanipyrim.[3]

Metabolism of phenolics edit

Cunninghamella elegans can be used to study the metabolism of phenols. This type of molecules already have reactive and polar groups comprised within their structure therefore phases I enzymes are less active than phase II (conjugation) enzymes.

Metabolism of flavonoids edit

Flavonols

In flavonols, an hydroxyl group is available in the 3- position allowing the glycosylation at that position. The biotransformation of quercetin yields three metabolites, including quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and isorhamnetin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside. Glucosylation and O-methylation are involved in the process.[36]

Flavones

In flavones, there is no hydroxyl group available at the 3- position. Conjugation, in the form of sulfation occurs at the 7- or 4'- positions. Apigenin and chrysin are also transformed by C. elegans and produce apigenin 7-sulfate, apigenin 7,4′-disulfate, chrysin 7-sulfate.[37]
Sulfation also occurs on naringenin and produces naringenin-7-sulfate.[38]

Glucosylation may nevertheless occur but in 3'- position, as happens during the microbial transformation of psiadiarabin and its 6-desmethoxy analogue, 5,3′ dihydroxy-7,2′,4′,5′-tetramethoxyflavone, by Cunninghamella elegans NRRL 1392 that gives the 3′-glucoside conjugates of the two flavones.[39]

flavanones

As in flavones, there is no hydroxyl groups available at the 3- position for glycosylation in flavanones. Therefore, sulfation occurs at the 7- position. In compounds like 7-methoxylated flavanones like 7-O-methylnaringenin (sakuranetin), demethylation followed by sulfation occur.[40]

Metabolism of synthetic phenolics edit

It is also able to degrade synthetic phenolic compounds like bisphenol A.[41]

Metabolism of heterocyclic organic compounds edit

Cunninghamella elegans can transform the nitrogen containing compound phthalazine[42] It is also able to oxidize the organosulfur compound dibenzothiophene.[43]

Uses in biotechnology edit

Methods for efficient C. elegans genomic DNA isolation and transformation have been developed.[44]

The cytochrome P450 of C. elegans has been cloned in Escherichia coli[45] as well as an enolase.[46]

Use in bioconversion edit

Techniques employed edit

Cunninghamella elegans can be grown in stirred tank batch bioreactor.[47] Protoplasts cultures have been used.[48]

Examples of uses edit

Cunninghamella elegans can be used for phenanthrene bioconversion[47] or for steroid transformation.[48] It has been used to produce isoapocodeine from 10,11-dimethoxyaporphine,[49] triptoquinone from the synthetic abietane diterpene triptophenolide[50] or for the rational and economical bioconversion of antimalarial drug artemisinin to 7beta-hydroxyartemisinin.[51]

Environmental biotechnology edit

Cunninghamella elegans has been used in environmental biotechnology for the treatment of textile wastewaters,[52] for instance those discoloured by azo dyes[53] or malachite green.[54]

Chitin[55] and chitosan isolated from C. elegans can be used for heavy metal biosorption.[56] Production can be made on yam bean (Pachyrhizus erosus L. Urban) medium.[57]

Strains edit

Cunninghamella elegans ATCC 9245[36]
Cunninghamella elegans ATCC 36112[6]
Cunninghamella elegans ATCC 26269[6]
Cunninghamella elegans NRRL 1393[6]
Cunninghamella elegans IFM 46109[56]
Cunninghamella elegans UCP 542[53]

References edit

  1. ^ Lendner A. (1907). "Sur quelques Mucorinées". Bulletin de l'Herbier Boissier (in French). 7 (3): 249–51.
  2. ^ Weitzmann I. (1984). "The case for Cunninghamella elegans, C. bertholletiae and C. echinulata as separate species". Transactions of the British Mycological Society. 83 (3): 527–529. doi:10.1016/S0007-1536(84)80056-X.
  3. ^ a b Zhu, Y. Z.; Keum, Y. S.; Yang, L.; Lee, H.; Park, H.; Kim, J. H. (2010). "Metabolism of a Fungicide Mepanipyrim by Soil FungusCunninghamella elegansATCC36112". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 58 (23): 12379–12384. doi:10.1021/jf102980y. PMID 21047134.
  4. ^ Weitzman, I.; Crist, M. Y. (1979). "Studies with clinical isolates of Cunninghamella. I. Mating behavior". Mycologia. 71 (5): 1024–1033. doi:10.2307/3759290. JSTOR 3759290. PMID 545137.
  5. ^ Kwon-Chung, K. J.; Young, R. C.; Orlando, M. (1975). "Pulmonary mucormycosis caused by Cunninghamella elegans in a patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia". American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 64 (4): 544–548. doi:10.1093/ajcp/64.4.544. PMID 1060379.
  6. ^ a b c d e Asha S, Vidyavathi M (2009). "Cunninghamella - a microbial model for drug metabolism studies - a review". Biotechnol. Adv. 27 (1): 16–29. doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2008.07.005. PMID 18775773.
  7. ^ Hawker, L. E.; Thomas, B.; Beckett, A. (1970). "An Electron Microscope Study of Structure and Germination of Conidia of Cunninghamella elegans Lendner". Microbiology. 60 (2): 181–189. doi:10.1099/00221287-60-2-181.
  8. ^ Wackett, L. P.; Gibson, D. T. (1982). "Metabolism of xenobiotic compounds by enzymes in cell extracts of the fungus Cunninghamella elegans". The Biochemical Journal. 205 (1): 117–122. doi:10.1042/bj2050117. PMC 1158453. PMID 6812568.
  9. ^ Zhang, D.; Yang, Y.; Leakey, J. E. A.; Cerniglia, C. E. (1996). "Phase I and phase II enzymes produced byCunninghamella elegansfor the metabolism of xenobiotics". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 138 (2–3): 221–226. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.1996.tb08161.x. PMID 9026450.
  10. ^ Lisowska, K.; Szemraj, J.; Rózalska, S.; Długoński, J. (2006). "The expression of cytochrome P-450 and cytochrome P-450 reductase genes in the simultaneous transformation of corticosteroids and phenanthrene byCunninghamella elegans". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 261 (2): 175–180. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2006.00339.x. PMID 16907717.
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External links edit

  • Cunninghamella elegans on the Fungal Genomics Project

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