The first performance was given in a truncated form (owing to the illness of the tenor Alois Ander)^[2] on 4 February 1864 at the Hoftheater in Vienna (Theater am Kärntnertor).

The first full performance was given in concert at the Corum, Montpellier, on 30 July 2002 with Regina Schörg (Armgard), Nora Gubisch (Hedwig), Piotr Beczała (Franz), Dalibor Jenis (Conrad), and Peter Klaveness (Gottfried), and the Orchestre National de Montpellier, conducted by Friedemann Layer,^[3] which was recorded. The first fully staged performance was given in Ljubljana by the Slovenian National Opera under Dieter Rossberg on 13 January 2005. Performances followed in Trier and at the Opéra de Lyon under Marc Minkowski later in 2005, and in Cottbus in 2006. (These performances, as at the Vienna premiere, were all given in German.) New Sussex Opera gave the British premiere of the work, under the title The Rhine Fairies, in October 2009, conducted by Nicholas Jenkins, with libretto translated into English by Neil Jenkins.^[4]

Place: In and around the castle of Franz von Sickingen, near Kreuznach on the Rhine

Time: During the Knights' Revolt of the 16th century

Act 1 edit

Hedwig's farmhouse

Peasants return from the vineyards near Bingen on the Rhine, singing of the fertility of the land. Gottfried leads a thanksgiving prayer as they approach the house of Hedwig. Hedwig tells Gottfried that she fears for the safety of their lands: she curses war, and worries about her daughter Armgard's melancholy frame of mind. Armgard sings constantly to conceal a hidden grief, and Hedwig recounts a ballad of the fate of young women who sang too much. By refusing to cease her singing, she gives her mother cause to worry that she too will succumb like the spirits in her ballad. Gottfried declares his love for Armgard, an attachment supported by Hedwig. Armgard is, however, unable to accept his devotion, as she reveals that Franz Baldung, her true love, has joined a troop of mercenaries led by the violent Conrad von Wenckheim. Gottfried offers to help bring Franz back, but the peace is broken by the news that plundering mercenaries have attacked nearby farmsteads.

The pillaging troops led by Conrad enter, singing of wine and women, along with Franz, delirious, having lost his memory after a blow to his head, and recalling little of his previous existence. Discovering that the soldiers have arrived on Armgard's name day, Conrad threatens to kill the family unless she sings for them. As Armgard sings she notices Franz among the soldiers. Franz begins to recover his memory, slowly awakens to his past and wants to intervene. Having sung the 'Vaterlandslied' Armgard faints, and Franz recognizes her.

Act 2 edit

Inside Hedwig's farmhouse

Gottfried and the women lament the death of Armgard. The folk legend decrees that Armgard's ghost will go off at dusk to join elves at the enchanted stone in the forest. Hedwig reveals to Gottfried that she was abandoned by the father of Armgard. She hurries to the forest, hoping to find Armgard's shadow, swiftly followed by Gottfried. Franz enters and sings of his love, then Conrad also arrives, forcing Franz to come away to attack Ebernburg Palace. Gottfried has been captured and will be bribed to guide them to it. At nightfall Armgard, alive but in a trance, passes through the scene, wanting to save Franz.

Act 3 edit

The Elfenstein in the forest: rocks, waterfalls, pines – moonlight

Elves and spirits dance and sing in the forest, where Hedwig appears. Armgard tries to pretend to her that she is a spirit, then hides. The men now arrive, expecting to be at the palace, and Conrad boasts of the licentious escapades of his youth. They then realize the trick Gottfried has played on them. He is tied up to be executed next day. Conrad is however sent into a trance by the song of the elves, and Hedwig cries out for revenge.

Act 4 edit

Kreuznach castle surrounded by rocks. Arms, gunpowder, cannons. Night.

Soldiers prepare for an attack. After Franz has threatened suicide unless he sees Armgard, whom he thinks is now a fairy, she enters, explains all that has happened, and they are reconciled in their love. She tells him that their troubles have been a dream and their suffering will give way to renewed love. They leave. Hedwig is dragged in by soldiers. After interrogation she and Conrad recognize each other and she reveals that he is Armgard's father; he thinks he has killed her by forcing her to sing. Gottfried is brought in chains, but once his captors have gone Conrad frees him. Armgard, Franz, Hedwig, and Conrad decide to flee together, but the mercenaries rush in. The elves cast a spell after which some fall into a ravine, while others go off into the next valley. The palace, the local people and local fatherland are all saved.

Rodney Milnes notes several musical highlights in the score: the overture, with the calm 'barcarolle' contrasted with war-like music, Armgard's German: Vaterlandslied and Franz's entrance aria in act 1, Franz's 12/8 romance with horn plus a trio bouffe for three men in act 2, the ballet music and a duet for mother and daughter in act 3, and two powerful duets in the last act. The work concludes with a combination of the barcarolle and the German: Vaterlandslied.^[7] Its text is:

Offenbach: Les fées du Rhin (in German) – Opéra Orchestre national Montpellier

• Conductor: Friedemann Layer
• Principal singers: Regina Schörg, Nora Gubisch, Piotr Beczała, Dalibor Jenis
• Recording date: 2002
• Label: Universal / Accord CD 472 920-2^[10]

Sources

• Keck, Jean-Christophe, ed. (November 2006). Jacques Offenbach – Les fées du Rhin / Die Rheinnixen – Documentation 2002–2006 (PDF) (in German). Berlin: Boosey & Hawkes. (at web.archive.org)

• Work details, Boosey & Hawkes
• Offenbach (1864), Les fées du Rhin (Die Rheinnixen). Arranged by Jean-Christophe Keck, vocal score 574 pages. Bote & Bock EAN 979-0202530399, critical edition

• Review of the Montpellier recording by Salvatore Calomino, Opera Today, 11 October 2005. Accessed 16 October 2020
• Review of the recording in Musicweb International, accessed 19 November 2009