Divisor summatory function

Summary

In number theory, the divisor summatory function is a function that is a sum over the divisor function. It frequently occurs in the study of the asymptotic behaviour of the Riemann zeta function. The various studies of the behaviour of the divisor function are sometimes called divisor problems.

The summatory function, with leading terms removed, for
The summatory function, with leading terms removed, for
The summatory function, with leading terms removed, for , graphed as a distribution or histogram. The vertical scale is not constant left to right; click on image for a detailed description.

Definition

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The divisor summatory function is defined as

 

where

 

is the divisor function. The divisor function counts the number of ways that the integer n can be written as a product of two integers. More generally, one defines

 

where dk(n) counts the number of ways that n can be written as a product of k numbers. This quantity can be visualized as the count of the number of lattice points fenced off by a hyperbolic surface in k dimensions. Thus, for k = 2, D(x) = D2(x) counts the number of points on a square lattice bounded on the left by the vertical-axis, on the bottom by the horizontal-axis, and to the upper-right by the hyperbola jk = x. Roughly, this shape may be envisioned as a hyperbolic simplex. This allows us to provide an alternative expression for D(x), and a simple way to compute it in   time:

 , where  

If the hyperbola in this context is replaced by a circle then determining the value of the resulting function is known as the Gauss circle problem.

Sequence of D(n) (sequence A006218 in the OEIS):
0, 1, 3, 5, 8, 10, 14, 16, 20, 23, 27, 29, 35, 37, 41, 45, 50, 52, 58, 60, 66, 70, 74, 76, 84, 87, 91, 95, 101, 103, 111, ...

Dirichlet's divisor problem

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Finding a closed form for this summed expression seems to be beyond the techniques available, but it is possible to give approximations. The leading behavior of the series is given by

 

where   is the Euler–Mascheroni constant, and the error term is

 

Here,   denotes Big-O notation. This estimate can be proven using the Dirichlet hyperbola method, and was first established by Dirichlet in 1849.[1]: 37–38, 69  The Dirichlet divisor problem, precisely stated, is to improve this error bound by finding the smallest value of   for which

 

holds true for all  . As of today, this problem remains unsolved. Progress has been slow. Many of the same methods work for this problem and for Gauss's circle problem, another lattice-point counting problem. Section F1 of Unsolved Problems in Number Theory [2] surveys what is known and not known about these problems.

  • In 1904, G. Voronoi proved that the error term can be improved to   [3]: 381 
  • In 1916, G. H. Hardy showed that  . In particular, he demonstrated that for some constant  , there exist values of x for which   and values of x for which  .[1]: 69 
  • In 1922, J. van der Corput improved Dirichlet's bound to  .[3]: 381 
  • In 1928, van der Corput proved that  .[3]: 381 
  • In 1950, Chih Tsung-tao and independently in 1953 H. E. Richert proved that  .[3]: 381 
  • In 1969, Grigori Kolesnik demonstrated that  .[3]: 381 
  • In 1973, Kolesnik demonstrated that  .[3]: 381 
  • In 1982, Kolesnik demonstrated that  .[3]: 381 
  • In 1988, H. Iwaniec and C. J. Mozzochi proved that  .[4]
  • In 2003, M.N. Huxley improved this to show that  .[5]

So,   lies somewhere between 1/4 and 131/416 (approx. 0.3149); it is widely conjectured to be 1/4. Theoretical evidence lends credence to this conjecture, since   has a (non-Gaussian) limiting distribution.[6] The value of 1/4 would also follow from a conjecture on exponent pairs.[7]

Piltz divisor problem

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In the generalized case, one has

 

where   is a polynomial of degree  . Using simple estimates, it is readily shown that

 

for integer  . As in the   case, the infimum of the bound is not known for any value of  . Computing these infima is known as the Piltz divisor problem, after the name of the German mathematician Adolf Piltz (also see his German page). Defining the order   as the smallest value for which   holds, for any  , one has the following results (note that   is the   of the previous section):

 [5]


 [8] and[9]


 
  • E. C. Titchmarsh conjectures that  

Mellin transform

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Both portions may be expressed as Mellin transforms:

 

for  . Here,   is the Riemann zeta function. Similarly, one has

 

with  . The leading term of   is obtained by shifting the contour past the double pole at  : the leading term is just the residue, by Cauchy's integral formula. In general, one has

 

and likewise for  , for  .

Notes

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  1. ^ a b Montgomery, Hugh; R. C. Vaughan (2007). Multiplicative Number Theory I: Classical Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-84903-6.
  2. ^ Guy, Richard K. (2004). Unsolved Problems in Number Theory (3rd ed.). Berlin: Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-20860-2.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Ivic, Aleksandar (2003). The Riemann Zeta-Function. New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-42813-3.
  4. ^ Iwaniec, H.; C. J. Mozzochi (1988). "On the divisor and circle problems". Journal of Number Theory. 29: 60–93. doi:10.1016/0022-314X(88)90093-5.
  5. ^ a b Huxley, M. N. (2003). "Exponential sums and lattice points III". Proc. London Math. Soc. 87 (3): 591–609. doi:10.1112/S0024611503014485. ISSN 0024-6115. Zbl 1065.11079.
  6. ^ Heath-Brown, D. R. (1992). "The distribution and moments of the error term in the Dirichlet divisor problem". Acta Arithmetica. 60 (4): 389–415. doi:10.4064/aa-60-4-389-415. ISSN 0065-1036. S2CID 59450869. Theorem 1 The function has a distribution function
  7. ^ Montgomery, Hugh L. (1994). Ten lectures on the interface between analytic number theory and harmonic analysis. Regional Conference Series in Mathematics. Vol. 84. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society. p. 59. ISBN 0-8218-0737-4. Zbl 0814.11001.
  8. ^ G. Kolesnik. On the estimation of multiple exponential sums, in "Recent Progress in Analytic Number Theory", Symposium Durham 1979 (Vol. 1), Academic, London, 1981, pp. 231–246.
  9. ^ Aleksandar Ivić. The Theory of the Riemann Zeta-function with Applications (Theorem 13.2). John Wiley and Sons 1985.

References

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  • H.M. Edwards, Riemann's Zeta Function, (1974) Dover Publications, ISBN 0-486-41740-9
  • E. C. Titchmarsh, The theory of the Riemann Zeta-Function, (1951) Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford. (See chapter 12 for a discussion of the generalized divisor problem)
  • Apostol, Tom M. (1976), Introduction to analytic number theory, Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics, New York-Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-0-387-90163-3, MR 0434929, Zbl 0335.10001 (Provides an introductory statement of the Dirichlet divisor problem.)
  • H. E. Rose. A Course in Number Theory., Oxford, 1988.
  • M.N. Huxley (2003) 'Exponential Sums and Lattice Points III', Proc. London Math. Soc. (3)87: 591–609